Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) J. Hakala
Request for Comments: 8458 The National Library of Finland
Obsoletes: 3188 October 2018
Category: Informational
ISSN: 2070-1721
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) J. Hakala
Request for Comments: 8458 The National Library of Finland
Obsoletes: 3188 October 2018
Category: Informational
ISSN: 2070-1721
Using National Bibliography Numbers as Uniform Resource Names
使用国家书目编号作为统一资源名称
Abstract
摘要
National Bibliography Numbers (NBNs) are used by national libraries and other organizations in order to identify resources in their collections. NBNs are usually applied to resources that are not catered for by established (standard) identifier systems such as International Standard Book Number (ISBN).
国家图书馆和其他组织使用国家书目编号（NBN）来识别其馆藏中的资源。NBN通常用于已建立（标准）标识符系统（如国际标准书号（ISBN））无法满足的资源。
A Uniform Resource Name (URN) namespace for NBNs was established in 2001 in RFC 3188. Since then, a number of European national libraries have implemented URN:NBN-based systems.
NBN的统一资源名（URN）命名空间于2001年在RFC 3188中建立。从那时起，许多欧洲国家图书馆已经实施了基于URN:NBN的系统。
This document replaces RFC 3188 and defines how NBNs can be supported within the updated URN framework. A revised namespace registration (version 4) compliant to RFC 8141 is included.
本文档取代RFC 3188，并定义如何在更新的URN框架内支持NBN。包括一个符合RFC 8141的修订名称空间注册（版本4）。
Status of This Memo
关于下段备忘
This document is not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is published for informational purposes.
本文件不是互联网标准跟踪规范；它是为了提供信息而发布的。
This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has received public review and has been approved for publication by the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Not all documents approved by the IESG are candidates for any level of Internet Standard; see Section 2 of RFC 7841.
本文件是互联网工程任务组（IETF）的产品。它代表了IETF社区的共识。它已经接受了公众审查，并已被互联网工程指导小组（IESG）批准出版。并非IESG批准的所有文件都适用于任何级别的互联网标准；见RFC 7841第2节。
Information about the current status of this document, any errata, and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8458.
有关本文件当前状态、任何勘误表以及如何提供反馈的信息，请访问https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8458.
Copyright Notice
版权公告
Copyright (c) 2018 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved.
版权所有（c）2018 IETF信托基金和确定为文件作者的人员。版权所有。
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
本文件受BCP 78和IETF信托有关IETF文件的法律规定的约束
(https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License.
(https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info)自本文件出版之日起生效。请仔细阅读这些文件，因为它们描述了您对本文件的权利和限制。从本文件中提取的代码组件必须包括信托法律条款第4.e节中所述的简化BSD许可证文本，并提供简化BSD许可证中所述的无担保。
Table of Contents
目录
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Conventions Used in This Document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3. Fundamental Namespace and Community Considerations for NBN . 5
3.1. The URN:NBN Namespace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.2. Community Considerations for NBNs . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4. National Bibliography Number URNs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.1. Assignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.2. Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.2.1. Usage of r-component and q-component . . . . . . . . 10
4.2.2. Usage of f-component . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.3. Encoding Considerations and Lexical Equivalence . . . . . 10
4.4. Resolution and Persistence of NBN-based URNs . . . . . . 12
4.5. Additional Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
5. URN Namespace ID (NID) Registration for the National
Bibliography Number (NBN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
6. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
7. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
8. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
8.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
8.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Appendix A. Significant Changes from RFC 3188 . . . . . . . . . 18
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Conventions Used in This Document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3. Fundamental Namespace and Community Considerations for NBN . 5
3.1. The URN:NBN Namespace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.2. Community Considerations for NBNs . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4. National Bibliography Number URNs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.1. Assignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.2. Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.2.1. Usage of r-component and q-component . . . . . . . . 10
4.2.2. Usage of f-component . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.3. Encoding Considerations and Lexical Equivalence . . . . . 10
4.4. Resolution and Persistence of NBN-based URNs . . . . . . 12
4.5. Additional Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
5. URN Namespace ID (NID) Registration for the National
Bibliography Number (NBN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
6. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
7. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
8. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
8.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
8.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Appendix A. Significant Changes from RFC 3188 . . . . . . . . . 18
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
One of the basic permanent Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) schemes (cf. [RFC3986] and [IANA-URI]) is Uniform Resource Name (URN). URNs were originally defined in RFC 2141 [RFC2141]. In 2017, a revision was adopted with new definitions and registration procedures [RFC8141]. Any traditional identifier, when used within the URN system, must have a namespace of its own that is registered with IANA [IANA-URN]. National Bibliography Number (NBN) is one such namespace, specified in 2001 in RFC 3188 [RFC3188].
基本的永久统一资源标识符（URI）方案（参见[RFC3986]和[IANA-URI]）之一是统一资源名称（URN）。URN最初在RFC 2141[RFC2141]中定义。2017年，采用了新的定义和注册程序[RFC8141]。在URN系统中使用的任何传统标识符都必须有自己的名称空间，并在IANA[IANA-URN]中注册。国家书目编号（NBN）就是这样一个名称空间，2001年在RFC 3188[RFC3188]中指定。
This document describes the syntax and usage of NBN URNs and updates the registration of the associated URN namespace. This document additionally describes certain policy assumptions about how national libraries and their partner organizations partition, delegate, and manage the namespace. Violation of those assumptions could impact the utility of the NBN URN namespace.
本文档介绍NBN URN的语法和用法，并更新相关URN命名空间的注册。本文档还描述了关于国家图书馆及其合作伙伴组织如何划分、委托和管理名称空间的某些政策假设。违反这些假设可能会影响NBN URN命名空间的实用性。
URN:NBNs are in production use in several European countries including (in alphabetical order) Austria, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, and Switzerland. The URN:NBN namespace is collectively managed by these national libraries. URN: NBNs have been applied to diverse content including Web archives, digitized materials, research data, and doctoral dissertations. They can be used by national libraries and organizations cooperating with them.
URN:nbn在多个欧洲国家生产使用，包括（按字母顺序排列）奥地利、芬兰、德国、匈牙利、意大利、荷兰、挪威、瑞典和瑞士。URN:NBN名称空间由这些国家图书馆共同管理。URN:NBNs已应用于各种内容，包括网络档案、数字化材料、研究数据和博士论文。国家图书馆和与它们合作的组织可以使用它们。
As a part of the initial development of the URN system in the late 1990s, the IETF URN Working Group agreed that it was important to demonstrate that the URN syntax can accommodate existing identifier systems. RFC 2288 [RFC2288] investigated the feasibility of using ISBN, ISSN, and SICI (Serial Item and Contribution Identifier) as URNs, with positive results; however, it did not formally register corresponding URN namespaces. (For further discussion of how these systems have evolved as URNs, see RFC 8254 [RFC8254].) This was in part due to the still-evolving process to formalize criteria for namespace definition documents and registration. The criteria were consolidated later in the IETF, first in RFC 2611 [RFC2611], then RFC 3406 [RFC3406], and now RFC 8141 [RFC8141].
作为20世纪90年代末URN系统初始开发的一部分，IETF URN工作组一致认为，证明URN语法能够适应现有的标识符系统非常重要。RFC 2288[RFC2288]调查了使用ISBN、ISSN和SICI（序列项目和贡献标识符）作为URN的可行性，并取得了积极的结果；但是，它没有正式注册相应的URN名称空间。（有关这些系统如何演变为URN的进一步讨论，请参见RFC 8254[RFC8254]）这部分是由于命名空间定义文档和注册标准的形式化过程仍在不断发展。这些标准后来在IETF中进行了整合，首先是RFC 2611[RFC2611]，然后是RFC 3406[RFC3406]，现在是RFC 8141[RFC8141]。
URN namespaces have been registered for NBN, ISBN, and ISSN in RFCs 3188 [RFC3188], 3187 [RFC3187], and 3044 [RFC3044], respectively. ISBN and ISSN namespaces were made compliant with RFC 8141 [RFC8141] in 2017 by publishing revised ISSN [ISSN-namespace] and ISBN [ISBN-namespace] namespace registrations.
URN名称空间已分别在RFCs 3188[RFC3188]、3187[RFC3187]和3044[RFC3044]中注册为NBN、ISBN和ISSN。2017年，通过发布修订后的ISSN[ISSN名称空间]和ISBN[ISBN名称空间]名称空间注册，使ISBN和ISSN名称空间符合RFC 8141[RFC8141]。
The term "National Bibliography Number" encompasses persistent local identifier systems that national libraries and their partner organizations use in addition to the more formally (and internationally) established identifiers. These partner organizations include universities and their libraries and other subsidiaries, other research institutions, plus governmental and public organizations. Some national libraries maintain a significant number of these liaison relationships; for instance, the German National Library had almost 400 by early 2018 [NBN-Resolving].
“国家书目编号”一词包括国家图书馆及其合作组织在正式（和国际）确定的标识符之外使用的永久性地方标识符系统。这些伙伴组织包括大学及其图书馆和其他附属机构、其他研究机构以及政府和公共组织。一些国家图书馆保持着大量的联络关系；例如，到2018年初，德国国家图书馆拥有近400个[NBN]。
In practice, NBN differs from standard identifier systems such as ISBN and ISSN because it is not a single identifier system with standard-specified scope and syntax. Each NBN implementer creates its own system with its own syntax and assignment rules. Each user organization is also obliged to keep track of how NBNs are being used; however, within the generic framework set in this document, local NBN assignment policies may vary considerably.
实际上，NBN不同于标准标识符系统，如ISBN和ISSN，因为它不是具有标准指定范围和语法的单一标识符系统。每个NBN实现者使用自己的语法和分配规则创建自己的系统。每个用户组织也有义务跟踪NBN的使用情况；然而，在本文件中设定的通用框架内，本地NBN分配政策可能会有很大差异。
Historically, NBNs have been applied in the national bibliographies to identify the resources catalogued into them. Prior to the emergence of bibliographic standard identifiers in the early 1970s, national libraries assigned NBNs to all catalogued publications.
从历史上看，国家参考书目中使用了NBN来识别编目到其中的资源。在20世纪70年代初出现书目标准标识符之前，国家图书馆为所有编目出版物分配了NBN。
Since the late 1990s, the NBN scope has been extended to cover a vast range of resources, both originally digital and digitized. Only a small subset of these resources is catalogued in the national bibliographies or other bibliographic databases. Digitized resources and their component parts (such as still images in books or journal articles) are examples of resources that may get NBNs.
自20世纪90年代末以来，NBN的范围已扩展到涵盖广泛的资源，包括最初的数字和数字化资源。这些资源中只有一小部分被编入国家书目或其他书目数据库。数字化资源及其组成部分（如书籍或期刊文章中的静止图像）是可能获得NBN的资源示例。
It is possible to extend the scope of the NBN much further. The National Library of Finland is using them in the Finnish National Ontology Service Finto to identify corporate names (see <http://finto.fi/cn/en/>). Using NBNs to identify metadata elements provides a stable basis for creation of linked data.
有可能进一步扩大NBN的范围。芬兰国家图书馆正在芬兰国家本体服务Finto中使用它们来识别公司名称（参见<http://finto.fi/cn/en/>). 使用NBN标识元数据元素为创建链接数据提供了稳定的基础。
Simple guidelines for using NBNs as URNs and the original namespace registration were published in RFC 3188 [RFC3188]. The RFC at hand replaces RFC 3188; sections discussing the methods by which URN:NBNs should be resolved have been updated, unused features have been eliminated, and the text is compliant with the stipulations of the revised URN specification [RFC8141].
RFC 3188[RFC3188]中发布了将NBN用作URN和原始名称空间注册的简单指南。现有RFC取代RFC 3188；讨论URN:NBN解析方法的章节已更新，未使用的功能已消除，文本符合修订后的URN规范[RFC8141]的规定。
"NBN" refers to any National Bibliography Number identifier system used by the national libraries (or equivalent organizations) and other institutions, which use these identifiers with national libraries' support and permission.
“NBN”是指国家图书馆（或同等组织）和其他机构在国家图书馆的支持和许可下使用的任何国家书目编号标识符系统。
In this memo, "URN:NBN" is used as a shorthand for "NBN-based URN".
在本备忘录中，“URN:NBN”用作“基于NBN的URN”的简写。
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here.
本文件中的关键词“必须”、“不得”、“必需”、“应”、“不应”、“建议”、“不建议”、“可”和“可选”在所有大写字母出现时（如图所示）应按照BCP 14[RFC2119][RFC8174]所述进行解释。
NBNs are widely used to identify both hand-held and digital resources in the collections of national libraries and other institutions that are responsible for preserving the cultural heritage of their constituents. Resources in these collections are usually preserved for a long time (i.e., for centuries). While the preferred methods for digital preservation may vary over time and depend on the content, the favorite one has been migration. Whenever necessary, a resource in an outdated file format is migrated into a more modern file format. To the extent possible, all old versions of the resource are also kept in order to alleviate the negative effects of partially successful migrations and the gradual loss of original look and feel that may accompany even fully successful migrations. When NBN is used to identify manifestations and there are many of them for a single work, local policy can require that each manifestation ought to have its own NBN.
NBN广泛用于识别国家图书馆和其他负责保护其成员文化遗产的机构馆藏中的手持和数字资源。这些收藏中的资源通常保存很长时间（即几个世纪）。虽然数字保存的首选方法可能会随着时间的推移而变化，并取决于内容，但最受欢迎的方法是迁移。必要时，过时文件格式的资源将迁移到更现代的文件格式。还尽可能保留资源的所有旧版本，以减轻部分成功迁移带来的负面影响，以及甚至完全成功迁移可能带来的原始外观和感觉的逐渐丧失。当NBN用于识别表现形式，且单个作品有多个表现形式时，当地政策可要求每个表现形式应有自己的NBN。
NBNs are typically used to identify objects for which standard identifiers such as ISBN are not applicable. However, NBNs can be used for component resources even when the resource as a whole qualifies for a standard identifier. For instance, if a digitized book has an ISBN, JPEG image files of its pages might be assigned NBNs. These URN:NBNs can be used as persistent links to the pages.
NBN通常用于识别标准标识符（如ISBN）不适用的对象。但是，即使资源作为一个整体符合标准标识符的条件，NBN也可以用于组件资源。例如，如果一本数字化的书有一个ISBN，那么它的页面的JPEG图像文件可能会被指定为NBN。这些URN:nbn可以用作页面的持久链接。
The scope of standard identifier systems such as ISBN and ISSN is limited; they are applicable only to certain kinds of resources. One of the roles of the NBN is to fill in the gaps left by the standard identifiers. Collectively, these identifiers and NBNs cover all resources that national libraries and their partners need to include in their collections.
ISBN和ISSN等标准标识符系统的范围有限；它们仅适用于某些类型的资源。NBN的作用之一是填补标准标识符留下的空白。总的来说，这些标识符和NBN涵盖了国家图书馆及其合作伙伴需要纳入其馆藏的所有资源。
Section 4 below, and particularly Section 4.1, present a more detailed overview of the structure of the NBN namespace, related institutions, and the identifier assignment principles used.
下面的第4节，特别是第4.1节，对NBN名称空间的结构、相关机构和使用的标识符分配原则进行了更详细的概述。
National libraries are the key organizations providing persistent URN resolution services for resources identified with NBNs, independent of their form. As coordinators of NBN usage, national libraries have allowed other organizations, such as university libraries or governmental organizations, to assign NBNs to the resources these organizations preserve for the long term. In such case, the national library coordinates the use of NBNs at the national level. National libraries can also provide URN resolution services and technical services to other NBN users. These organizations are expected to either establish their own URN resolution services or use the technical infrastructure provided by the national library. URN:NBNs are expected to be resolvable and support one or more resolution services.
国家图书馆是为NBN标识的资源提供持久URN解析服务的关键组织，独立于其形式。作为NBN使用的协调人，国家图书馆允许其他组织，如大学图书馆或政府组织，将NBN分配给这些组织长期保存的资源。在这种情况下，国家图书馆在国家一级协调NBN的使用。国家图书馆还可以向其他NBN用户提供URN解析服务和技术服务。预计这些组织将建立自己的URN解析服务或使用国家图书馆提供的技术基础设施。URN:nbn预计是可解析的，并支持一个或多个解析服务。
Although NBNs can be used to identify component resources, the NBN namespace does not specify a generic, intrinsic syntax for doing that. However, there are at least two different ways in which component resources can be taken into account within the NBN namespace.
尽管NBN可用于标识组件资源，但NBN名称空间并未为此指定通用的内在语法。但是，在NBN名称空间中，至少有两种不同的方式可以考虑组件资源。
The simplest and probably the most common approach is to assign a separate NBN for each component resource, such as a file containing a digitized page of a book, and make no provisions to make such NBNs discernible in a systematic way from others.
最简单、可能也是最常见的方法是为每个组件资源分配一个单独的NBN，例如一个包含书籍数字化页面的文件，并且不做任何规定，使此类NBN以系统的方式与其他NBN区分开来。
Second, if the stipulations of the URI generic syntax [RFC3986] and the Internet media type specification [RFC2046] are met, in accordance with the provisions in RFC 8141 [RFC8141], the URN f-component can be attached to URN:NBNs in order to indicate the desired location within the resource supplied by URN resolution.
其次，如果符合URI通用语法[RFC3986]和互联网媒体类型规范[RFC2046]的规定，根据RFC 8141[RFC8141]中的规定，可以将URN f组件附加到URN:NBN，以指示URN解析提供的资源中的所需位置。
From the library community point of view, it is important that the f-component is not a part of the Namespace-Specific String (NSS), and therefore f-component attachment does not mean that the relevant component part is identified. Moreover, the resolution process still retrieves the entire resource even if there is an f-component. The component part selection is applied by the resolution client (e.g., browser) to the resource returned by the resolution process. In other words, in this latter case the component parts are just logical and physical parts of the identified resource whereas in the former cases they are independently named entities.
从库社区的角度来看，重要的是f-component不是名称空间特定字符串（NSS）的一部分，因此f-component附件并不意味着相关的组件部分被标识。此外，解析过程仍然检索整个资源，即使存在f分量。解析客户端（例如浏览器）将零部件选择应用于解析过程返回的资源。换句话说，在后一种情况下，组件部分只是已识别资源的逻辑和物理部分，而在前一种情况下，它们是独立命名的实体。
Resources identified by NBNs are not always available in the Internet. If one is not, the URN:NBN can resolve to a surrogate such as a metadata record describing the identified resource.
NBN识别的资源在互联网上并不总是可用的。如果没有，URN:NBN可以解析为一个代理项，例如描述已标识资源的元数据记录。
Section 4 below, and particularly Section 4.4, presents a detailed overview of the application of the URN:NBN namespace as well as the principles of, and systems used for, the resolution of NBN-based URNs.
下面的第4节，特别是第4.4节，详细概述了URN:NBN名称空间的应用，以及基于NBN的URN解析的原则和系统。
National Bibliography Number (NBN) is a generic term referring to a group of identifier systems administered by national libraries and institutions authorized by them. The NBN assignment is typically performed by the organization hosting the resource. National libraries are committed to permanent preservation of their deposit collections.
国家书目编号（NBN）是一个通用术语，指由国家图书馆及其授权机构管理的一组标识符系统。NBN分配通常由托管资源的组织执行。国家图书馆致力于永久保存其馆藏。
Assignment of NBN-based URNs is controlled on a national level by the national library (or national libraries, if there is more than one). National guidelines can differ, but the identified resources themselves are usually persistent.
国家图书馆（或国家图书馆，如果有多个）在国家一级控制基于NBN的URN的分配。国家指导方针可能有所不同，但确定的资源本身通常是持久的。
Different national URN:NBN assignment policies have resulted in varying levels of control of the assignment process. Manual URN:NBN assignment by the library personnel provides the tightest control, especially if the URN:NBNs cover only resources catalogued into the national bibliography. In most national libraries, the scope of URN:NBN is already much broader than this. Usage rules can vary within one country, from one URN:NBN sub-namespace to the next.
不同的国家URN:NBN分配政策导致了对分配过程的不同程度的控制。图书馆工作人员的手动URN:NBN分配提供了最严格的控制，特别是当URN:NBN只包括编目到国家参考书目中的资源时。在大多数国家图书馆中，URN:NBN的范围已经远远超出了这个范围。使用规则在一个国家/地区内可能有所不同，从一个URN:NBN子命名空间到下一个子命名空间。
Each national library uses NBNs independently of other national libraries; apart from this document, there are no guidelines that specify or control NBN usage. As such, NBNs are unique only on the national level. When used as URNs, base NBN strings MUST be augmented with a controlled prefix, which is the particular nation's ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 two-letter country code (referred to as "ISO country code" below) [ISO3166-1]. These prefixes guarantee uniqueness of the URN:NBNs at the global scale [ISO3166MA].
每个国家图书馆独立于其他国家图书馆使用NBN；除本文件外，没有规定或控制NBN使用的指南。因此，NBN仅在国家层面上是独一无二的。当用作URN时，基本NBN字符串必须加上受控前缀，即特定国家的ISO 3166-1 alpha-2双字母国家代码（以下称为“ISO国家代码”）[ISO3166-1]。这些前缀保证URN:NBN在全球范围内的唯一性[ISO3166MA]。
National libraries using URN:NBNs usually specify local assignment policies for themselves. Such policy can limit the URN:NBN usage to, e.g., the resources stored in the national library's digital collections or databases. Although this specification does not
使用URN:nbn的国家图书馆通常为自己指定本地分配政策。这种政策可以限制URN:NBN的使用，例如，国家图书馆数字馆藏或数据库中存储的资源。尽管本规范没有
specify principles for URN:NBN assignment policies that can be applied, NBNs assigned to short-lived resources should not be made URN:NBNs unless such policy can be justified.
指定可应用的URN:NBN分配策略的原则，分配给短期资源的NBN不应成为URN:NBN，除非此类策略是合理的。
URN:NBN assignment policy can clarify, for instance, the local policy concerning identifier assignment to component parts of resources and can specify, with sufficient detail, the syntax of local component identifiers (if there is one as a discernible part of the NBNs). The policy can also cover any employed extensions to the default NBN scope.
URN:NBN分配策略可以澄清，例如，与资源的组成部分的标识符分配有关的本地策略，并且可以详细指定本地组件标识符的语法（如果有一个作为NBN的可识别部分）。该政策还可以涵盖默认NBN范围的任何扩展。
NBNs as such are locally but not globally unique; two national libraries can assign the same NBN to different resources. A prefix, based on the ISO country code as described above, guarantees the global uniqueness of URN:NBNs. Once an NBN has been assigned to a resource, it MUST be persistent, and therefore URN:NBNs are persistent as well.
NBN本身是本地的，但不是全球唯一的；两个国家图书馆可以将相同的NBN分配给不同的资源。基于上述ISO国家代码的前缀保证URN:NBN的全局唯一性。一旦将NBN分配给资源，它就必须是持久的，因此URN:NBN也是持久的。
A URN:NBN, once it has been generated from a NBN, MUST NOT be reused for another resource.
URN:NBN一旦从NBN生成，就不能再用于其他资源。
Users of the URN:NBN namespace MUST ensure that they do not assign the same URN:NBN twice. Different policies can be applied to guarantee this. For instance, NBNs and corresponding URN:NBNs can be assigned sequentially by programs in order to avoid human mistakes. It is also possible to use printable representations of checksums such as SHA-1 [RFC6234] as NBNs.
URN:NBN命名空间的用户必须确保他们不会两次分配相同的URN:NBN。可以采用不同的政策来保证这一点。例如，NBN和相应的URN:NBN可以由程序顺序分配，以避免人为错误。也可以使用校验和的可打印表示，如SHA-1[RFC6234]作为NBN。
The Namespace-Specific String (NSS) will consist of three parts:
命名空间特定字符串（NSS）将由三部分组成：
o a prefix consisting of an ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code and optional sub-namespace code(s) separated by a colon(s);
o 由ISO 3166-1 alpha-2国家代码和可选子命名空间代码组成的前缀，子命名空间代码由冒号分隔；
o a hyphen (-) as the delimiting character; and,
o 连字符（-）作为分隔字符；和
o an NBN string assigned by the national library or sub-delegated authority.
o 国家图书馆或次级授权机构指定的NBN字符串。
The following formal definition uses ABNF [RFC5234].
以下正式定义使用ABNF[RFC5234]。
nbn-nss = prefix "-" nbn-string
nbn nss=前缀“-”nbn字符串
prefix = iso-cc *( ":" subspc ) ; The entire prefix is case insensitive.
前缀=iso cc*（“：”子C）；整个前缀不区分大小写。
iso-cc = 2ALPHA
; Alpha-2 country code as assigned by part 1 of ISO 3166
; (identifies the national library to which the branch
; is delegated).
iso-cc = 2ALPHA
; Alpha-2 country code as assigned by part 1 of ISO 3166
; (identifies the national library to which the branch
; is delegated).
subspc = 1*(ALPHA / DIGIT)
; As assigned by the respective national library.
subspc = 1*(ALPHA / DIGIT)
; As assigned by the respective national library.
nbn-string = path-rootless
; The "path-rootless" rule is defined in RFC 3986.
; Syntax requirements specified in RFC 8141 MUST be
; taken into account.
nbn-string = path-rootless
; The "path-rootless" rule is defined in RFC 3986.
; Syntax requirements specified in RFC 8141 MUST be
; taken into account.
A colon SHOULD be used within the prefix only as a delimiting character between the ISO 3166-1 country code and sub-namespace code(s), which splits the national namespace into smaller parts.
冒号只能在前缀中用作ISO 3166-1国家代码和子名称空间代码之间的分隔符，该代码将国家名称空间分割为较小的部分。
The structure (if any) of the nbn_string is determined by the authority for the prefix. Whereas the prefix is regarded as case insensitive, NBN strings can be case sensitive at the preference of the assigning authority; parsers therefore MUST treat these as case sensitive, and any case mapping needed to introduce case insensitivity is the responsibility of the relevant resolution system.
nbn_字符串的结构（如果有）由前缀的权威机构确定。鉴于前缀被视为不区分大小写，NBN字符串可以根据指派机构的偏好区分大小写；因此，解析器必须将它们视为区分大小写的，引入不区分大小写所需的任何大小写映射都是相关解析系统的责任。
A hyphen SHOULD be used as the delimiting character between the prefix and the NBN string. Within the NBN string, a hyphen MAY be used for separating different sections of the identifier from one another.
应使用连字符作为前缀和NBN字符串之间的分隔符。在NBN字符串中，可以使用连字符将标识符的不同部分彼此分开。
All two-letter codes are reserved by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency for either existing or possible future ISO country codes (or for private use).
ISO 3166维护机构保留所有两个字母代码，用于现有或未来可能的ISO国家代码（或私人使用）。
Sub-namespace identifiers MUST be registered on the national level by the national library that assigned the identifier. The list of such identifiers can be made publicly available via the Web.
子命名空间标识符必须由分配该标识符的国家图书馆在国家一级注册。这些标识符的列表可以通过网络公开。
Note that because case mapping for ASCII letters is completely reversible and does not lose information, the case used in case-insensitive matching is a local matter. Implementations can convert
请注意，由于ASCII字母的大小写映射是完全可逆的，并且不会丢失信息，因此不区分大小写匹配中使用的大小写是局部问题。实现可以转换
to lower or upper case as they see fit; they only need to do it consistently.
按他们认为合适的大小写；他们只需要始终如一地去做。
URN:NBN resolvers do not currently support the use of either r-component or q-component.
URN:NBN解析器目前不支持使用r-component或q-component。
Resolution services based on r-component can be implemented in the future when the r-component syntax and semantics have been specified.
如果指定了r-component语法和语义，那么将来可以实现基于r-component的解析服务。
If URN:NBN resolves to the identified resource and the media type of the resource supports f-component usage, it can be used to indicate a location within the identified resource. Persistence is achieved if the URN:NBN is assigned to one and only one version of a resource, such as a PDF/A version of a book.
如果URN:NBN解析为已标识的资源，并且该资源的媒体类型支持f组件使用，则可以使用它来指示已标识资源中的位置。如果将URN:NBN分配给一个且仅分配给一个版本的资源，例如一本书的PDF/a版本，则可以实现持久性。
The URN:NBN namespace does not impose any restrictions of its own on f-component usage.
URN:NBN名称空间不会对f-component的使用施加任何限制。
Expressing NBNs as URNs is usually straightforward, as normally only ASCII characters are used in NBN strings. If this is not the case, non-ASCII characters in NBNs MUST be translated into canonical form as specified in RFC 8141. If a national library uses NBNs that can contain percent-encoded characters higher than U+007F, the library needs to carefully define the canonical transformation from these NBNs into URNs, including normalization forms.
将NBN表示为URN通常很简单，因为NBN字符串中通常只使用ASCII字符。如果情况并非如此，则必须将NBN中的非ASCII字符翻译为RFC 8141中规定的规范格式。如果国家图书馆使用的NBN可以包含高于U+007F的百分比编码字符，图书馆需要仔细定义从这些NBN到URN的规范转换，包括规范化形式。
When an NBN is used as a URN, the NSS MUST consist of three parts:
当NBN用作URN时，NSS必须由三部分组成：
o a prefix, structured as a primary prefix, which is a two-letter ISO 3166-1 country code of the library's country, and zero or more secondary prefixes that are each indicated by a delimiting colon character (:) and a sub-namespace identifier;
o 一个前缀，结构为主前缀，是图书馆所在国家的两个字母的ISO 3166-1国家代码，以及零个或多个次级前缀，每个次级前缀由分隔冒号（：）和子命名空间标识符表示；
o a hyphen (-) as a delimiting character; and,
o 连字符（-）作为分隔字符；和
o the NBN string.
o NBN字符串。
Different delimiting characters are not semantically equivalent.
不同的定界字符在语义上并不等价。
The syntax and roles of the three parts listed above are described in Section 4.2.
第4.2节描述了上述三部分的语法和作用。
If there are several national libraries in one country, these libraries MUST agree on how to divide the national namespace between themselves using this method before the URN:NBN assignment begins in any of these libraries.
如果一个国家有多个国家图书馆，这些图书馆必须在这些图书馆中的任何一个开始URN:NBN分配之前，就如何使用此方法在它们之间划分国家名称空间达成一致。
A national library MAY also assign URN:NBN sub-namespaces to trusted organizations such as universities or government institutions. The sub-namespace MAY be further divided by the partner organization. All sub-namespace identifiers used within a country-code-based namespace MUST be registered on the national level by the national library that assigned the code. The national register of these codes SHOULD be made available online.
国家图书馆还可以将URN:NBN子名称空间分配给受信任的组织，如大学或政府机构。子命名空间可以由合作伙伴组织进一步划分。在基于国家代码的命名空间中使用的所有子命名空间标识符必须由分配代码的国家图书馆在国家级别上注册。这些代码的国家登记册应在线提供。
Being part of the prefix, sub-namespace identifier strings are case-insensitive. They MUST NOT contain any colons or hyphens.
作为前缀的一部分，子命名空间标识符字符串不区分大小写。它们不能包含任何冒号或连字符。
Formally, two URN:NBNs are lexically equivalent if they are octet-by-octet equal after the following (conceptional) preprocessing:
在形式上，如果经过以下（概念）预处理后，两个URN:nbn是八位字节对八位字节相等的，则它们在词汇上是等价的：
1. convert all characters in the leading "urn:nbn:" token to a single case;
1. 将前导“urn:nbn:”标记中的所有字符转换为单个大小写；
2. convert all characters in the prefix (country code and its optional sub-divisions) to a single case; and,
2. 将前缀（国家代码及其可选子分区）中的所有字符转换为单个大小写；和
3. convert all characters embedded in any percent-encodings to a single case.
3. 将任何百分比编码中嵌入的所有字符转换为单个大小写。
Models (indicated line break inserted for readability):
型号（为了可读性插入了指示的换行符）：
URN:NBN:<ISO 3166 alpha-2 country code>-<assigned NBN string>
URN:NBN:<ISO 3166 alpha-2 country code>-<assigned NBN string>
URN:NBN:<ISO 3166 alpha-2 country code>:<sub-namespace code>-\
<assigned NBN string>
URN:NBN:<ISO 3166 alpha-2 country code>:<sub-namespace code>-\
<assigned NBN string>
Examples:
示例：
URN:NBN:fi-fe201003181510
URN:NBN:fi-fe201003181510
urn:nbn:ch:bel-9039
urn:nbn:ch:bel-9039
urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-3475
urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-3475
urn:nbn:hu-3006
urn:nbn:hu-3006
Eventually, URNs might be resolved with the help of a Global Resolver Discovery Service (GRDS), and URN:NBN syntax makes it possible to locate the relevant resolver. Since no GRDS system has been installed yet in the Internet, URN:NBNs are embedded in HTTP URIs in order to make them actionable in the present Internet. In these HTTP URIs, the authority part must point to the appropriate URN resolution service. For instance, in Finland, the address of the national URN resolver is <http://urn.fi>. Thus, the HTTP URI for the Finnish URN in the example above is <http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe201003181510>.
最终，URN可能会在全局冲突解决程序发现服务（GRDS）的帮助下得到解决，而URN:NBN语法使定位相关冲突解决程序成为可能。由于Internet中尚未安装GRDS系统，因此URN:NBN嵌入到HTTP URI中，以使其在当前Internet中可操作。在这些HTTP URI中，授权部分必须指向适当的URN解析服务。例如，在芬兰，国家URN解析器的地址是<http://urn.fi>. 因此，上面示例中芬兰URN的HTTP URI是<http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe201003181510>。
The country-code-based prefix part of the URN:NBN namespace-specific string will provide a hint needed to find the correct resolution service for URN:NBNs from the GRDS when it is established.
URN:NBN名称空间特定字符串中基于国家代码的前缀部分将提供一个提示，以便在URN:NBN建立时从GRD中找到正确的解析服务。
There are three interrelated aspects of persistence that need to be discussed: persistence of the objects itself, persistence of the identifier, and persistence of the URN resolvers.
持久性有三个相互关联的方面需要讨论：对象本身的持久性、标识符的持久性和URN解析器的持久性。
NBNs have traditionally been assigned to printed resources, which tend to be persistent. In contrast, digital resources require frequent migrations to guarantee accessibility. Although it is impossible to estimate how often migrations are needed, hardware and software upgrades take place frequently, and a lifetime exceeding 10-20 years can be considered as long.
传统上，NBN被分配给打印资源，这些资源往往是持久的。相比之下，数字资源需要频繁迁移以保证可访问性。虽然无法估计需要迁移的频率，但硬件和软件升级经常发生，超过10-20年的使用寿命可视为最长。
However, it is a common practice to keep also the original and previously migrated versions of resources. Therefore, even outdated versions of resources can be available in digital archives, no matter how old or difficult to use they have become.
但是，通常的做法是保留资源的原始版本和以前迁移的版本。因此，即使是过时的资源版本也可以在数字档案馆中使用，无论它们有多旧或多么难以使用。
If all versions of a resource are kept, a user who requires authenticity can retrieve the original version of the resource, whereas a user to whom the ease of use is a priority is likely to be satisfied with the latest version. In order to enable the users to find the best match, a national library can link all manifestations of a resource to each other so as to make a user aware of them.
如果保留资源的所有版本，则需要真实性的用户可以检索资源的原始版本，而优先考虑易用性的用户可能对最新版本感到满意。为了使用户能够找到最佳匹配，国家图书馆可以将资源的所有表现形式相互链接，以使用户了解它们。
Thus, even if specific versions of digital resources are not normally persistent, persistent identifiers such as URN:NBNs support information architectures that enable persistent access to any version of the resource, including ones that can only be utilized by using digital archaeology tools such as custom-made applications to render the resource.
因此，即使数字资源的特定版本通常不是持久的，诸如URN:nbn之类的持久标识符也支持能够持久访问任何版本的资源的信息体系结构，包括那些只能通过使用数字考古工具（如定制应用程序）来渲染资源的工具。
Persistence of URN resolvers themselves is mainly an organizational issue that is related to the persistence of organizations maintaining them. As URN:NBN resolution services will be supplied (primarily) by the national libraries, these services are likely to be long lived.
URN解析器本身的持久性主要是一个与维护它们的组织的持久性相关的组织问题。由于URN:NBN解析服务将（主要）由国家图书馆提供，这些服务可能会长期存在。
It is a good idea to apply URN:NBNs (or other persistent identifiers) to all resources that have been prioritized in the organization's digital preservation plan.
将URN:NBNs（或其他持久标识符）应用于组织数字保存计划中已确定优先级的所有资源是一个好主意。
Assignment of URN:NBNs to resources that are known to not be persistent should be considered carefully. URN:NBNs can, however, be applied to resources that have a low-level preservation priority and will not be migrated to more modern file formats or preserved via emulation.
应该仔细考虑将URN:nbn分配给已知不持久的资源。然而，URN:NBNs可以应用于具有低级别保存优先级的资源，并且不会迁移到更现代的文件格式或通过模拟进行保存。
If the identified version of a resource has disappeared, the resolution process can supply a surrogate if one exists. A surrogate can be, for instance, a more modern digital version of the original electronic resource.
如果已标识的资源版本已消失，则解析过程可以提供代理（如果存在）。例如，代理可以是原始电子资源的更现代的数字版本。
5. URN Namespace ID (NID) Registration for the National Bibliography Number (NBN)
5. 国家书目编号（NBN）的URN名称空间ID（NID）注册
This URN namespace registration describes how National Bibliography Numbers (NBNs) can be supported within the URN framework; it uses the updated IANA template specified in RFC 8141.
此URN名称空间注册描述了如何在URN框架内支持国家书目编号（NBN）；它使用RFC 8141中指定的更新IANA模板。
Namespace Identifier: NBN This namespace ID was formally assigned to the National Bibliography Number in October 2001, when the namespace was registered officially [RFC3188]. Utilization of URN:NBNs had started in demo systems already in 1998. Since 2001, tens of millions of URN:NBNs have been assigned. The number of users of the namespace has grown in two ways: new national libraries have started using NBNs, and many national libraries using the system have formed new liaisons.
名称空间标识符：NBN该名称空间ID于2001年10月正式分配给国家书目编号，当时名称空间正式注册[RFC3188]。URN:NBN的使用已于1998年在演示系统中开始。自2001年以来，已分配了数千万个URN:NBN。名称空间的用户数量以两种方式增长：新的国家图书馆开始使用NBN，许多使用该系统的国家图书馆建立了新的联系。
Version: 4
版本：4
Date: 2018-04-09
日期：2018-04-09
Registrant:
Name: Juha Hakala
Affiliation: Senior Adviser, The National Library of Finland
Email: juha.hakala@helsinki.fi
Postal: P.O. Box 15, 00014 Helsinki University, Finland
Web URL: http://www.nationallibrary.fi/
Registrant:
Name: Juha Hakala
Affiliation: Senior Adviser, The National Library of Finland
Email: juha.hakala@helsinki.fi
Postal: P.O. Box 15, 00014 Helsinki University, Finland
Web URL: http://www.nationallibrary.fi/
The National Library of Finland registered the namespace on behalf of the Conference of the European National Librarians (CENL) and Conference of Directors of National Libraries (CDNL). The NBN namespace is available for free for the national libraries. They can allow other organizations to assign URN:NBNs and use the resolution services established by the library for free or for a fee. The fees, if collected, can be based on, e.g., the maintenance costs of the system.
芬兰国家图书馆代表欧洲国家图书馆员会议（CENL）和国家图书馆馆长会议（CDNL）注册了名称空间。国家图书馆免费提供NBN名称空间。他们可以允许其他组织分配URN:nbn，并免费或收费使用图书馆建立的解析服务。如果收取费用，可基于系统的维护成本等。
Purpose: See Section 3 of RFC 8458
目的：见RFC 8458第3节
Syntax: See Section 4.2 of RFC 8458
语法：见RFC 8458第4.2节
Assignment: See Section 4.1 of RFC 8458
分配：见RFC 8458第4.1节
Security and Privacy: See Section 7 of RFC 8458
安全和隐私：见RFC 8458第7节
Interoperability: National libraries and their partners usually apply URN:NBNs if a standard identifier such as ISBN is not applicable for the resource to be identified. Some overlap with other URN namespaces is possible.
互操作性：如果ISBN等标准标识符不适用于待识别的资源，则国家图书馆及其合作伙伴通常采用URN:NBNs。可能与其他URN名称空间存在某些重叠。
URN:NBNs may contain characters which must be percent-encoded, but usually they consist of printable ASCII characters only.
URN:nbn可能包含必须进行百分比编码的字符，但通常它们仅由可打印的ASCII字符组成。
Resolution: See Section 4.4 of RFC 8458
决议：见RFC 8458第4.4节
Documentation: RFC 8458
文件：RFC 8458
Revision Information: This version of the URN:NBN namespace registration has been updated to use the revised definition of URN syntax from RFC 8141, although usage of r-components is not specified yet. In addition, non-ISO 3166 (country code) based NBNs have been deleted due to lack of deployment. The entire NBN prefix is now specified to be case insensitive in accordance with established practice. This version also includes numerous clarifications based on actual usage of URN:NBNs.
修订信息：此版本的URN:NBN名称空间注册已更新为使用RFC 8141中修订的URN语法定义，尽管尚未指定r组件的用法。此外，由于缺乏部署，已删除基于非ISO 3166（国家代码）的NBN。根据既定惯例，整个NBN前缀现在指定为不区分大小写。该版本还包括基于URN:NBNs实际使用情况的大量澄清。
IANA has updated the existing registration of the formal URN namespace, "NBN", using the template given above in Section 5.
IANA已使用上文第5节中给出的模板更新了正式URN名称空间“NBN”的现有注册。
This document defines means of encoding NBNs as URNs. A URN resolution service for NBN-based URNs is depicted but only at a generic level; thus, questions of secure or authenticated resolution mechanisms and authentication of users are out of scope of this document.
本文件定义了将NBN编码为URN的方法。描述了用于基于NBN的URN的URN解析服务，但仅限于通用级别；因此，安全或认证的解决机制和用户认证问题不在本文件范围内。
Although no validation mechanisms are specified on the global level (beyond a routine check of those characters that require special encoding when employed in URIs), NBNs assigned by any given authority can have a well-specified and rich syntax (including, e.g., fixed length and checksum). In such cases, it is possible to validate the correctness of NBNs programmatically.
尽管没有在全局级别上指定验证机制（除了在URI中使用时需要特殊编码的字符的例行检查之外），但任何给定机构分配的NBN都可以具有指定良好且丰富的语法（例如，包括固定长度和校验和）。在这种情况下，可以通过编程方式验证NBN的正确性。
Issues regarding intellectual property rights associated with objects identified by the URN:NBNs are beyond the scope of this document, as are questions about rights to the databases that might be used to construct resolution services.
与URN:NBNs标识的对象相关的知识产权问题以及可能用于构建解析服务的数据库的权利问题超出了本文档的范围。
Beyond the generic security considerations laid out in the underlying documents listed in the Normative References, no specific security threats have been identified for NBN-based URNs.
除了规范性参考文件中列出的基本文件中列出的一般安全注意事项外，尚未确定基于NBN的URN的具体安全威胁。
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
[RFC2119]Bradner，S.，“RFC中用于表示需求水平的关键词”，BCP 14，RFC 2119，DOI 10.17487/RFC2119，1997年3月<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
[RFC3986] Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, "Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax", STD 66, RFC 3986, DOI 10.17487/RFC3986, January 2005, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3986>.
[RFC3986]Berners Lee，T.，Fielding，R.，和L.Masinter，“统一资源标识符（URI）：通用语法”，STD 66，RFC 3986，DOI 10.17487/RFC3986，2005年1月<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3986>.
[RFC5234] Crocker, D., Ed. and P. Overell, "Augmented BNF for Syntax Specifications: ABNF", STD 68, RFC 5234, DOI 10.17487/RFC5234, January 2008, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5234>.
[RFC5234]Crocker，D.，Ed.和P.Overell，“语法规范的扩充BNF:ABNF”，STD 68，RFC 5234，DOI 10.17487/RFC5234，2008年1月<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5234>.
[RFC8141] Saint-Andre, P. and J. Klensin, "Uniform Resource Names (URNs)", RFC 8141, DOI 10.17487/RFC8141, April 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8141>.
[RFC8141]Saint Andre，P.和J.Klensin，“统一资源名称（URN）”，RFC 8141，DOI 10.17487/RFC81412017年4月<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8141>.
[RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC 2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174, May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.
[RFC8174]Leiba，B.，“RFC 2119关键词中大写与小写的歧义”，BCP 14，RFC 8174，DOI 10.17487/RFC8174，2017年5月<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.
[IANA-URI] IANA, "Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) Schemes", <http://www.iana.org/assignments/uri-schemes>.
[IANA-URI]IANA，“统一资源标识符（URI）方案”<http://www.iana.org/assignments/uri-schemes>.
[IANA-URN] IANA, "Uniform Resource Names (URN) Namespaces", <http://www.iana.org/assignments/urn-namespaces>.
[IANA-URN]IANA，“统一资源名称（URN）命名空间”<http://www.iana.org/assignments/urn-namespaces>.
[ISBN-namespace] Griffiths, S., "Namespace Registration for International Standard Book Number (ISBN) ISO 2108:2017", <https://www.iana.org/assignments/urn-formal/isbn>.
[ISBN名称空间]Griffiths，S.，“国际标准书号（ISBN）ISO 2108:2017的名称空间注册”<https://www.iana.org/assignments/urn-formal/isbn>.
[ISO3166-1] ISO, "Codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions -- Part 1: Country codes", ISO 3166-1:2013, November 2013, <https://www.iso.org/standard/63545.html>.
[ISO3166-1]ISO，“国家及其分支机构名称表示代码——第1部分：国家代码”，ISO 3166-1:2013，2013年11月<https://www.iso.org/standard/63545.html>.
[ISO3166MA] ISO, "ISO 3166 Country Codes", <https://www.iso.org/iso/country_codes.htm>.
[ISO3166MA]ISO，“ISO 3166国家代码”<https://www.iso.org/iso/country_codes.htm>.
[ISSN-namespace] Bequet, G., "Namespace Registration for International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) and Linking ISSN (ISSN-L) based on ISO 3297:2007", June 2017, <https://www.iana.org/assignments/urn-formal/issn>.
[ISSN名称空间]Bequet，G.“基于ISO 3297:2007的国际标准序列号（ISSN）和链接ISSN（ISSN-L）的名称空间注册”，2017年6月<https://www.iana.org/assignments/urn-formal/issn>.
[NBN-Resolving] Deutsche Nationalbibliothek, "URN:NBN Resolver fuer Deutschland und Schweiz: Information ueber Partner Institutionen", <https://nbn-resolving.org/institutions>.
[NBN解析]德意志国家图书馆，“URN:NBN解析程序，适用于德国和施威茨：信息ueber合作伙伴研究所”<https://nbn-resolving.org/institutions>.
[PERSID] PersID initiative, 2009-2011, "persid: Building a persistent identifier infrastructure", <http://www.persid.org>.
[PERSID]PERSID倡议，2009-2011，“PERSID：构建持久标识符基础设施”<http://www.persid.org>.
[RFC2046] Freed, N. and N. Borenstein, "Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) Part Two: Media Types", RFC 2046, DOI 10.17487/RFC2046, November 1996, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2046>.
[RFC2046]Freed，N.和N.Borenstein，“多用途互联网邮件扩展（MIME）第二部分：媒体类型”，RFC 2046，DOI 10.17487/RFC2046，1996年11月<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2046>.
[RFC2141] Moats, R., "URN Syntax", RFC 2141, DOI 10.17487/RFC2141, May 1997, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2141>.
[RFC2141]护城河，R.，“瓮语法”，RFC 2141，DOI 10.17487/RFC2141，1997年5月<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2141>.
[RFC2288] Lynch, C., Preston, C., and R. Daniel, "Using Existing Bibliographic Identifiers as Uniform Resource Names", RFC 2288, DOI 10.17487/RFC2288, February 1998, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2288>.
[RFC2288]Lynch，C.，Preston，C.，和R.Daniel，“使用现有书目标识符作为统一资源名”，RFC 2288，DOI 10.17487/RFC2288，1998年2月<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2288>.
[RFC2611] Daigle, L., van Gulik, D., Iannella, R., and P. Faltstrom, "URN Namespace Definition Mechanisms", BCP 33, RFC 2611, DOI 10.17487/RFC2611, June 1999, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2611>.
[RFC2611]Daigle，L.，van Gulik，D.，Iannella，R.，和P.Faltstrom，“URN名称空间定义机制”，BCP 33，RFC 2611，DOI 10.17487/RFC26111999年6月<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2611>.
[RFC3044] Rozenfeld, S., "Using The ISSN (International Serial Standard Number) as URN (Uniform Resource Names) within an ISSN-URN Namespace", RFC 3044, DOI 10.17487/RFC3044, January 2001, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3044>.
[RFC3044]Rozenfeld，S.，“在ISSN-URN名称空间中将ISSN（国际序列号）用作URN（统一资源名称）”，RFC 3044，DOI 10.17487/RFC30442001年1月<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3044>.
[RFC3187] Hakala, J. and H. Walravens, "Using International Standard Book Numbers as Uniform Resource Names", RFC 3187, DOI 10.17487/RFC3187, October 2001, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3187>.
[RFC3187]Hakala，J.和H.Walravens，“使用国际标准书号作为统一资源名称”，RFC 3187，DOI 10.17487/RFC3187，2001年10月<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3187>.
[RFC3188] Hakala, J., "Using National Bibliography Numbers as Uniform Resource Names", RFC 3188, DOI 10.17487/RFC3188, October 2001, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3188>.
[RFC3188]Hakala，J.，“使用国家书目编号作为统一资源名称”，RFC 3188，DOI 10.17487/RFC3188，2001年10月<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3188>.
[RFC3406] Daigle, L., van Gulik, D., Iannella, R., and P. Faltstrom, "Uniform Resource Names (URN) Namespace Definition Mechanisms", RFC 3406, DOI 10.17487/RFC3406, October 2002, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3406>.
[RFC3406]Daigle，L.，van Gulik，D.，Iannella，R.，和P.Faltstrom，“统一资源名称（URN）命名空间定义机制”，RFC 3406，DOI 10.17487/RFC3406，2002年10月<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3406>.
[RFC6234] Eastlake 3rd, D. and T. Hansen, "US Secure Hash Algorithms (SHA and SHA-based HMAC and HKDF)", RFC 6234, DOI 10.17487/RFC6234, May 2011, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6234>.
[RFC6234]Eastlake 3rd，D.和T.Hansen，“美国安全哈希算法（基于SHA和SHA的HMAC和HKDF）”，RFC 6234，DOI 10.17487/RFC6234，2011年5月<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6234>.
[RFC8254] Klensin, J. and J. Hakala, "Uniform Resource Name (URN) Namespace Registration Transition", RFC 8254, DOI 10.17487/RFC8254, October 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8254>.
[RFC8254]Klensin，J.和J.Hakala，“统一资源名（URN）命名空间注册转换”，RFC 8254，DOI 10.17487/RFC8254，2017年10月<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8254>.
Numerous clarifications have been made based on a decade of experience with RFC 3188.
根据RFC 3188十年的经验，已经做出了许多澄清。
NBNs that are not based on ISO 3166 (country codes) have been removed due to lack of usage.
不基于ISO 3166（国家/地区代码）的NBN因缺乏使用而被删除。
In accordance with established practice, the whole NBN prefix is now declared case insensitive.
根据既定惯例，整个NBN前缀现在声明为不区分大小写。
The document is based on the new URN syntax specification, RFC 8141.
该文档基于新的URN语法规范RFC 8141。
Use of query components and fragment components with this namespace is now specified in accordance with RFC 8141.
现在根据RFC 8141指定使用具有此名称空间的查询组件和片段组件。
Acknowledgements
致谢
Revision of RFC 3188 started during the project PersID [PERSID]. Later, the revision was included in the charter of the URNbis Working Group and worked on in that group in parallel with what became RFCs 8141 and 8254. The author wishes to thank his colleagues in the PersID project and the URNbis participants for their support and review comments.
在项目PersID[PersID]期间开始修订RFC 3188。后来，该修订被纳入了危民联工作组章程，并与后来的RFC8141和8254一起在该工作组进行了工作。作者要感谢参与PersID项目的同事和URNbis参与者的支持和评论。
Tommi Jauhiainen has provided feedback on an early draft version of this document. The author wishes to thank Tommi Jauhiainen, Bengt Neiss, and Lars Svensson for the comments they have provided to various draft versions of this document.
Tommi Jauhiainen就本文件的早期草案提供了反馈。作者希望感谢Tommi Jauhiainen、Bengt Neiss和Lars Svensson对本文件各版本草稿的评论。
John Klensin provided significant editorial and advisory support for later draft versions of the document.
John Klesin为该文件的后期草稿提供了重要的编辑和咨询支持。
Contributors
贡献者
This document would not have been possible without contributions by Alfred Hoenes.
如果没有阿尔弗雷德·霍恩斯的贡献，本文件是不可能的。
Author's Address
作者地址
Juha Hakala The National Library of Finland P.O. Box 26 FIN-00014 Helsinki University Finland
Juha Hakala芬兰国家图书馆邮政信箱26 FIN-00014芬兰赫尔辛基大学
Email: juha.hakala@helsinki.fi
Email: juha.hakala@helsinki.fi