Internet Research Task Force (IRTF) J. Saldana, Ed.
Request for Comments: 7962 University of Zaragoza
Category: Informational A. Arcia-Moret
ISSN: 2070-1721 University of Cambridge
B. Braem
iMinds
E. Pietrosemoli
The Abdus Salam ICTP
A. Sathiaseelan
University of Cambridge
M. Zennaro
The Abdus Salam ICTP
August 2016
Internet Research Task Force (IRTF) J. Saldana, Ed.
Request for Comments: 7962 University of Zaragoza
Category: Informational A. Arcia-Moret
ISSN: 2070-1721 University of Cambridge
B. Braem
iMinds
E. Pietrosemoli
The Abdus Salam ICTP
A. Sathiaseelan
University of Cambridge
M. Zennaro
The Abdus Salam ICTP
August 2016
Alternative Network Deployments: Taxonomy, Characterization, Technologies, and Architectures
备选网络部署：分类、特征、技术和体系结构
Abstract
摘要
This document presents a taxonomy of a set of "Alternative Network Deployments" that emerged in the last decade with the aim of bringing Internet connectivity to people or providing a local communication infrastructure to serve various complementary needs and objectives. They employ architectures and topologies different from those of mainstream networks and rely on alternative governance and business models.
本文件对过去十年中出现的一系列“替代网络部署”进行了分类，旨在为人们提供互联网连接或提供本地通信基础设施，以满足各种互补需求和目标。它们采用不同于主流网络的架构和拓扑，并依赖于替代治理和业务模型。
The document also surveys the technologies deployed in these networks, and their differing architectural characteristics, including a set of definitions and shared properties.
该文件还调查了这些网络中部署的技术及其不同的体系结构特征，包括一组定义和共享属性。
The classification considers models such as Community Networks, Wireless Internet Service Providers (WISPs), networks owned by individuals but leased out to network operators who use them as a low-cost medium to reach the underserved population, networks that provide connectivity by sharing wireless resources of the users, and rural utility cooperatives.
该分类考虑了社区网络、无线互联网服务提供商（WISP）、个人拥有但出租给网络运营商的网络等模式，网络运营商使用这些网络作为低成本媒介来接触服务不足的人群，通过共享用户的无线资源提供连接的网络，和农村公用事业合作社。
Status of This Memo
关于下段备忘
This document is not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is published for informational purposes.
本文件不是互联网标准跟踪规范；它是为了提供信息而发布的。
This document is a product of the Internet Research Task Force (IRTF). The IRTF publishes the results of Internet-related research and development activities. These results might not be suitable for deployment. This RFC represents the consensus of the Global Access to the Internet for All Research Group of the Internet Research Task Force (IRTF). Documents approved for publication by the IRSG are not a candidate for any level of Internet Standard; see Section 2 of RFC 7841.
本文件是互联网研究工作组（IRTF）的产品。IRTF发布互联网相关研究和开发活动的结果。这些结果可能不适合部署。本RFC代表了互联网研究任务组（IRTF）所有研究小组对全球互联网接入的共识。IRSG批准发布的文件不适用于任何级别的互联网标准；见RFC 7841第2节。
Information about the current status of this document, any errata, and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7962.
有关本文件当前状态、任何勘误表以及如何提供反馈的信息，请访问http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7962.
Copyright Notice
版权公告
Copyright (c) 2016 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved.
版权所有（c）2016 IETF信托基金和确定为文件作者的人员。版权所有。
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document.
本文件受BCP 78和IETF信托有关IETF文件的法律规定的约束(http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info)自本文件出版之日起生效。请仔细阅读这些文件，因为它们描述了您对本文件的权利和限制。
Table of Contents
目录
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.1. Mainstream Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2. Alternative Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2. Terms Used in This Document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3. Scenarios Where Alternative Networks Are Deployed . . . . . . 7
3.1. Urban vs. Rural Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.2. Topology Patterns Followed by Alternative Networks . . . 9
4. Classification Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.1. Entity behind the Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.2. Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.3. Governance and Sustainability Model . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.4. Technologies Employed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.5. Typical Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
5. Classification of Alternative Networks . . . . . . . . . . . 13
5.1. Community Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
5.2. Wireless Internet Service Providers (WISPs) . . . . . . . 16
5.3. Shared Infrastructure Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
5.4. Crowdshared Approaches Led by the Users and Third-Party
Stakeholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
5.5. Rural Utility Cooperatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
5.6. Testbeds for Research Purposes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
6. Technologies Employed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
6.1. Wired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
6.2. Wireless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
6.2.1. Media Access Control (MAC) Protocols for Wireless
Links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
6.2.1.1. 802.11 (Wi-Fi) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
6.2.1.2. Mobile Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
6.2.1.3. Dynamic Spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
7. Upper Layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
7.1. Layer 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
7.1.1. IP Addressing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
7.1.2. Routing Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
7.1.2.1. Traditional Routing Protocols . . . . . . . . . . 26
7.1.2.2. Mesh Routing Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
7.2. Transport Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
7.2.1. Traffic Management When Sharing Network Resources . . 27
7.3. Services Provided . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
7.3.1. Use of VPNs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
7.3.2. Other Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
7.4. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
8. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.1. Mainstream Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2. Alternative Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2. Terms Used in This Document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3. Scenarios Where Alternative Networks Are Deployed . . . . . . 7
3.1. Urban vs. Rural Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.2. Topology Patterns Followed by Alternative Networks . . . 9
4. Classification Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.1. Entity behind the Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.2. Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.3. Governance and Sustainability Model . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.4. Technologies Employed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.5. Typical Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
5. Classification of Alternative Networks . . . . . . . . . . . 13
5.1. Community Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
5.2. Wireless Internet Service Providers (WISPs) . . . . . . . 16
5.3. Shared Infrastructure Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
5.4. Crowdshared Approaches Led by the Users and Third-Party
Stakeholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
5.5. Rural Utility Cooperatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
5.6. Testbeds for Research Purposes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
6. Technologies Employed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
6.1. Wired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
6.2. Wireless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
6.2.1. Media Access Control (MAC) Protocols for Wireless
Links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
6.2.1.1. 802.11 (Wi-Fi) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
6.2.1.2. Mobile Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
6.2.1.3. Dynamic Spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
7. Upper Layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
7.1. Layer 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
7.1.1. IP Addressing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
7.1.2. Routing Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
7.1.2.1. Traditional Routing Protocols . . . . . . . . . . 26
7.1.2.2. Mesh Routing Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
7.2. Transport Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
7.2.1. Traffic Management When Sharing Network Resources . . 27
7.3. Services Provided . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
7.3.1. Use of VPNs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
7.3.2. Other Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
7.4. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
8. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
One of the aims of the Global Access to the Internet for All (GAIA) IRTF Research Group is "to document and share deployment experiences and research results to the wider community through scholarly publications, white papers, Informational and Experimental RFCs, etc." [GAIA]. In line with this objective, this document proposes a classification of "Alternative Network Deployments". This term includes a set of network access models that have emerged in the last decade with the aim of providing Internet connections, following topological, architectural, governance, and business models that differ from the so-called "mainstream" ones, where a company deploys the infrastructure connecting the users, who pay a subscription fee to be connected and make use of it.
全球全民互联网接入（GAIA）IRTF研究小组的目标之一是“通过学术出版物、白皮书、信息和实验RFC等，向更广泛的社区记录和分享部署经验和研究成果”[GAIA]。根据这一目标，本文件提出了“备选网络部署”的分类。该术语包括过去十年中出现的一组网络接入模型，旨在提供互联网连接，遵循不同于所谓“主流”模型的拓扑、架构、治理和业务模型，即公司部署连接用户的基础设施，支付订阅费以连接并使用它的用户。
Several initiatives throughout the world have built these large-scale networks, using predominantly wireless technologies (including long distance links) due to the reduced cost of using unlicensed spectrum. Wired technologies such as fiber are also used in some of these networks.
由于使用未经许可的频谱的成本降低，世界各地的几项倡议已经建立了这些大规模网络，主要使用无线技术（包括长距离链路）。有线技术，如光纤，也用于其中一些网络。
The classification considers several types of alternate deployments: Community Networks are self-organized networks wholly owned by the community; networks acting as Wireless Internet Service Providers (WISPs); networks owned by individuals but leased out to network operators who use such networks as a low-cost medium to reach the underserved population; networks that provide connectivity by sharing wireless resources of the users; and finally there are some rural utility cooperatives also connecting their members to the Internet.
该分类考虑了几种类型的备用部署：社区网络是社区完全拥有的自组织网络；充当无线互联网服务提供商（WISP）的网络；由个人拥有但出租给网络运营商的网络，网络运营商使用此类网络作为低成本媒介，以接触服务不足的人群；通过共享用户的无线资源提供连接的网络；最后，还有一些农村公用事业合作社也将其成员连接到互联网。
The emergence of these networks has been motivated by a variety of factors such as the lack of wired and cellular infrastructures in rural/remote areas [Pietrosemoli]. In some cases, Alternative Networks may provide more localized communication services as well as Internet backhaul support through peering agreements with mainstream network operators. In other cases, they are built as a complement or an alternative to commercial Internet access provided by mainstream network operators.
这些网络的出现是由多种因素推动的，如农村/偏远地区缺乏有线和蜂窝基础设施[Pietrosemoli]。在某些情况下，替代网络可以通过与主流网络运营商签订对等协议，提供更本地化的通信服务以及互联网回程支持。在其他情况下，它们是作为主流网络运营商提供的商业互联网接入的补充或替代。
The present document is intended to provide a broad overview of initiatives, technologies, and approaches employed in these networks, including some real examples. References describing each kind of network are also provided.
本文件旨在广泛概述这些网络中采用的举措、技术和方法，包括一些实际例子。还提供了描述各种网络的参考文献。
In this document, we will use the term "mainstream networks" to denote those networks sharing these characteristics:
在本文件中，我们将使用术语“主流网络”来表示具有以下特征的网络：
o Regarding scale, they are usually large networks spanning entire regions.
o 就规模而言，它们通常是跨越整个区域的大型网络。
o Top-down control of the network and centralized approach.
o 网络的自上而下控制和集中化方法。
o They require a substantial investment in infrastructure.
o 它们需要对基础设施进行大量投资。
o Users in mainstream networks do not participate in the network design, deployment, operation, governance, and maintenance.
o 主流网络中的用户不参与网络设计、部署、操作、治理和维护。
o Ownership of the network is never vested in the users themselves.
o 网络的所有权永远不属于用户自己。
The term "Alternative Network" proposed in this document refers to the networks that do not share the characteristics of "mainstream network deployments". Therefore, they may share some of the following characteristics:
本文件中提出的术语“替代网络”是指不具有“主流网络部署”特征的网络。因此，它们可能具有以下一些特征：
o Relatively small scale (i.e., not spanning entire regions).
o 规模相对较小（即不跨越整个区域）。
o Administration may not follow a centralized approach.
o 管理可能不会采用集中的方法。
o They may require a reduced investment in infrastructure, which may be shared by the users and commercial and non-commercial entities.
o 它们可能需要减少对基础设施的投资，这些投资可能由用户、商业和非商业实体共享。
o Users in Alternative Networks may participate in the network design, deployment, operation, and maintenance.
o 备用网络中的用户可以参与网络设计、部署、操作和维护。
o Ownership of the network is often vested in the users.
o 网络的所有权通常归属于用户。
Considering the role that the Internet currently plays in everyday life, this document touches on complex social, political, and economic issues. Some of the concepts and terminology used have been the subject of study of various disciplines outside the field of networking and are responsible for long debates whose resolution is out of the scope of this document.
考虑到互联网目前在日常生活中的作用，本文件涉及复杂的社会、政治和经济问题。所使用的一些概念和术语一直是网络领域以外各学科的研究主题，并导致长期辩论，其解决方案超出了本文件的范围。
o "Global north" and "global south". Although there is no consensus on the terms to be used when talking about the different development level of countries, we will employ the term "global south" to refer to nations with a relatively lower standard of living. This distinction is normally intended to reflect basic economic country conditions. In common practice, Japan in Asia, Canada and the United States in northern America, Australia and New Zealand in Oceania, and Europe are considered "developed" regions or areas [UN], so we will employ the term "global north" when talking about them.
o “全球北方”和“全球南方”。虽然在谈论各国不同的发展水平时，对所使用的术语没有达成共识，但我们将使用“全球南方”一词来指生活水平相对较低的国家。这种区别通常是为了反映国家的基本经济状况。按照惯例，亚洲的日本、北美的加拿大和美国、大洋洲的澳大利亚和新西兰以及欧洲都被视为“发达”地区或地区[UN]，因此我们在谈论这些地区时将使用“全球北方”一词。
o The "Digital Divide". The following dimensions are considered to be meaningful when measuring the digital development state of a country: infrastructures (availability and affordability), the Information and Communications Technology (ICT) sector (human capital and technological industry), digital literacy, legal and regulatory framework, and content and services. A lack of digital development in one or more of these dimensions is what has been referred as the "Digital Divide" [Norris]. It should be noted that this "Divide" is not only present between different countries but between zones of the same country, despite its degree of development.
o “数字鸿沟”。在衡量一个国家的数字发展状况时，以下方面被认为是有意义的：基础设施（可用性和可承受性）、信息和通信技术（ICT）部门（人力资本和技术产业）、数字扫盲、法律和监管框架以及内容和服务。其中一个或多个方面的数字发展不足被称为“数字鸿沟”[Norris]。应该指出的是，这种“鸿沟”不仅存在于不同国家之间，而且存在于同一国家的不同地区之间，尽管其发展程度不同。
o "Urban" and "rural" zones. There is no single definition of "rural" or "urban", as each country and various international organizations define these terms differently, mainly based on the number of inhabitants, the population density, and the distance between houses [UNStats]. For networking purposes, the primary distinction is likely the average distance between customers, typically measured by population density, as well as the distance to the nearest Internet point-of-presence, i.e., the distance to be covered by "middle mile" or backhaul connectivity. Some regions with low average population density may cluster almost all inhabitants into a small number of relatively dense small towns, for example, while residents may be dispersed more evenly in others.
o “城市”和“农村”区域。“农村”或“城市”没有单一的定义，因为每个国家和各种国际组织对这些术语的定义不同，主要是根据居民人数、人口密度和房屋之间的距离[联合国统计处]。出于联网目的，主要区别可能是客户之间的平均距离（通常通过人口密度衡量），以及到最近的互联网存在点的距离，即“中间英里”或回程连接覆盖的距离。例如，一些平均人口密度较低的地区可能会将几乎所有居民聚集在少数相对密集的小城镇中，而其他地区的居民可能分布更均匀。
o Demand. In economics, it describes a consumer's desire and willingness to pay a price for a specific good or service.
o 需要在经济学中，它描述了消费者为特定商品或服务支付价格的愿望和意愿。
o Provision is the act of making an asset available for sale. In this document, we will mainly use it as the act of making a network service available to the inhabitants of a zone.
o 准备金是使资产可供出售的行为。在本文件中，我们主要将其用作向区域居民提供网络服务的行为。
o Underserved area. Area in which the telecommunication market permanently fails to provide the information and communications services demanded by the population.
o 服务不足的地区。电信市场长期无法提供民众所需信息和通信服务的地区。
o Free, open, and neutral networks. Their principles have been summarized this way [Baig]:
o 自由、开放和中立的网络。他们的原则总结如下[Baig]：
* You have the freedom to use the network for any purpose as long as you do not harm the operation of the network itself, the rights of other users, or the principles of neutrality that allow contents and services to flow without deliberate interference.
* 您有权出于任何目的使用网络，只要您不损害网络本身的运行、其他用户的权利或允许内容和服务在不受故意干扰的情况下流动的中立原则。
* You have the right to understand the network, to know its components, and to spread knowledge of its mechanisms and principles.
* 您有权了解网络，了解其组成部分，并传播其机制和原理的知识。
* You have the right to offer services and content to the network on your own terms.
* 您有权按照自己的条款向网络提供服务和内容。
* You have the right to join the network, and the responsibility to extend this set of rights to anyone according to these same terms.
* 您有权加入该网络，并有责任根据这些相同条款将这组权利扩展到任何人。
Different studies have reported that as much as 60% of the people on the planet do not have Internet connectivity [Sprague] [InternetStats]. In addition, those unconnected are unevenly distributed: only 31% of the population in "global south" countries had access in 2014, against 80% in "global north" countries [WorldBank2016]. This is one of the reasons behind the inclusion of the objective to "significantly increase access to information and communications technology and strive to provide universal and affordable access to the Internet in least developed countries by 2020," as one of the targets in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) [SDG], considered as a part of "Goal 9. Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation."
不同的研究报告称，地球上多达60%的人没有互联网连接[Sprague][InternetStats]。此外，那些没有联系的人分布不均：2014年，“全球南方”国家只有31%的人口有联系，而“全球北方”国家只有80%【世界银行2016年】。这是将“到2020年大幅增加最不发达国家获取信息和通信技术的机会，并努力在最不发达国家提供普遍和负担得起的互联网接入”作为可持续发展目标（SDG）目标之一的原因之一，被视为“目标9.建设弹性基础设施、促进包容性和可持续工业化以及促进创新”的一部分
For the purpose of this document, a distinction between "global north" and "global south" zones is made, highlighting the factors related to ICT, which can be quantified in terms of:
为了本文件的目的，对“全球北部”和“全球南部”区域进行了区分，突出了与信息和通信技术相关的因素，这些因素可以从以下方面进行量化：
o The availability of both national and international bandwidth, as well as equipment.
o 国家和国际带宽以及设备的可用性。
o The difficulty in paying for the services and the devices required to access the ICTs.
o 难以支付访问信通技术所需的服务和设备的费用。
o The instability and/or lack of power supply.
o 不稳定和/或供电不足。
o The scarcity of qualified staff.
o 合格员工的缺乏。
o The existence of a policy and regulatory framework that hinders the development of these models in favor of state monopolies or incumbents.
o 政策和监管框架的存在阻碍了这些模式的发展，有利于国家垄断企业或现有企业。
In this context, the World Summit of the Information Society [WSIS] aimed at achieving "a people-centred, inclusive and development-oriented Information Society, where everyone can create, access, utilize and share information and knowledge. Therefore, enabling individuals, communities and people to achieve their full potential in promoting their sustainable development and improving their quality of life". It also called upon "governments, private sector, civil society and international organizations" to actively engage to work towards the bridging of the digital divide.
在这方面，信息社会世界首脑会议旨在实现“一个以人为本、包容各方、面向发展的信息社会，人人都能创造、获取、利用和分享信息和知识。它还呼吁“各国政府、私营部门、民间社会和国际组织”积极参与弥合数字鸿沟的工作。
Some Alternative Networks have been deployed in underserved areas, where citizens may be compelled to take a more active part in the design and implementation of ICT solutions. However, Alternative Networks (e.g., [Baig]) are also present in some "global north" countries, being built as an alternative to commercial ones managed by mainstream network operators.
在服务不足的地区部署了一些替代网络，公民可能被迫更积极地参与信息和通信技术解决方案的设计和实施。然而，在一些“全球北方”国家也存在替代网络（如[Baig]），作为主流网络运营商管理的商业网络的替代网络而建设。
The consolidation of a number of mature Alternative Networks (e.g., Community Networks) sets a precedent for civil society members to become more active in the search for alternatives to provide themselves with affordable access. Furthermore, Alternative Networks could contribute to bridge the digital divide by increasing human capital and promoting the creation of localized content and services.
一些成熟的替代网络（如社区网络）的整合为民间社会成员更积极地寻找替代网络，为自己提供负担得起的接入提供了先例。此外，替代网络可以通过增加人力资本和促进本地化内容和服务的创建，有助于弥合数字鸿沟。
The differences presented in the previous section are not only present between countries, but within them too. This is especially the case for rural inhabitants, who represent approximately 55% of the world's population [IFAD2011], with 78% of them in "global south" countries [ITU2011]. According to the World Bank, adoption gaps "between rural and urban populations are falling for mobile phones but increasing for the internet" [WorldBank2016].
上一节所述的差异不仅存在于国家之间，也存在于国家内部。农村居民尤其如此，他们约占世界人口的55%[IFAD2011]，其中78%在“全球南方”国家[2011]。根据世界银行的数据，“农村和城市人口之间的手机采用差距正在缩小，而互联网采用差距正在扩大”【世界银行2016年】。
Although it is impossible to generalize among them, there exist some common features in rural areas that have prevented incumbent operators from providing access and that, at the same time, challenge the deployment of alternative infrastructures [Brewer] [Nungu] [Simo_c]. For example, a high network latency was reported in [Johnson_b], which could be in the order of seconds during some hours.
虽然不可能在其中一概而论，但农村地区存在一些共同特征，这些特征阻碍了现有运营商提供接入，同时也对替代基础设施的部署提出了挑战[Brewer][Nungu][Simo_c]。例如，在[Johnson_b]中报告了一个高网络延迟，在某些小时内可能以秒为单位。
These challenges include:
这些挑战包括：
o Low per capita income, as the local economy is mainly based on subsistence agriculture, farming, and fishing.
o 人均收入低，因为当地经济主要以自给自足的农业、农业和渔业为基础。
o Scarcity or absence of basic infrastructures, such as electricity, water, and access roads.
o 缺乏或缺乏基本基础设施，如电力、水和通路。
o Low population density and distance (spatial or effective) between population clusters.
o 低人口密度和人口集群之间的距离（空间或有效）。
o Underdeveloped social services, such as healthcare and education.
o 不发达的社会服务，如医疗和教育。
o Lack of adequately educated and trained technicians, and high potential for those (few) trained to leave the community incentivized by better opportunities, higher salaries, or the possibility of starting their own companies [McMahon].
o 缺乏受过充分教育和培训的技术人员，受更好的机会、更高的工资或创办自己公司的可能性激励，那些（少数）受过培训的人离开社区的潜力很大[McMahon]。
o High cost of Internet access [Mathee].
o 互联网接入成本高[Mathee]。
o Harsh environments leading to failure in electronic communication devices [Johnson_a], which reduces the reliability of the network.
o 恶劣环境导致电子通信设备故障[Johnson_a]，降低了网络的可靠性。
Some of these factors challenge the stability of Alternative Networks and the services they provide: scarcity of spectrum, scale, and heterogeneity of devices. However, the proliferation of Alternative Networks [Baig] together with the raising of low-cost, low-consumption, low-complexity off-the-shelf wireless devices have allowed and simplified the deployment and maintenance of alternative infrastructures in rural areas.
其中一些因素挑战了替代网络及其提供的服务的稳定性：频谱稀缺、规模和设备的异构性。然而，替代网络[Baig]的扩散以及低成本、低消耗、低复杂性的现成无线设备的出现，使得农村地区替代基础设施的部署和维护得以简化。
Alternative Networks, considered self-managed and self-sustained, follow different topology patterns [Vega_a]. Generally, these networks grow spontaneously and organically, that is, the network grows without specific planning and deployment strategy and the routing core of the network tends to fit a power law distribution. Moreover, these networks are composed of a high number of heterogeneous devices with the common objective of freely connecting and increasing the network coverage and the reliability. Although these characteristics increase the entropy (e.g., by increasing the number of routing protocols), they have resulted in an inexpensive solution to effectively increase the network size. One such example is Guifi.net [Vega_a], which has had an exponential growth rate in the number of operating nodes during the last decade.
被认为是自我管理和自我维持的备选网络遵循不同的拓扑模式[Vega_a]。通常，这些网络自发地、有机地增长，也就是说，网络的增长没有特定的规划和部署策略，网络的路由核心往往符合幂律分布。此外，这些网络由大量异构设备组成，其共同目标是自由连接并提高网络覆盖率和可靠性。尽管这些特性增加了熵（例如，通过增加路由协议的数量），但它们已经产生了一种廉价的解决方案来有效地增加网络大小。其中一个例子是Guifi.net[Vega_a]，在过去十年中，它的操作节点数量呈指数级增长。
Regularly, rural areas in these networks are connected through long-distance links and/or wireless mesh networks, which in turn convey the Internet connection to relevant organizations or institutions. In contrast, in urban areas, users tend to share and require mobile access. Since these areas are also likely to be covered by commercial ISPs, the provision of wireless access by virtual operators like [Fon] may constitute a way to extend the user capacity to the network. Other proposals like "Virtual Public Networks" [Sathiaseelan_a] can also extend the service.
这些网络中的农村地区通常通过远程链路和/或无线网状网络连接，然后将互联网连接传送给相关组织或机构。相反，在城市地区，用户倾向于共享并需要移动接入。由于这些区域也可能被商业ISP覆盖，由[Fon]等虚拟运营商提供无线接入可能构成将用户容量扩展到网络的一种方式。其他类似“虚拟公共网络”的提议也可以扩展服务。
The classification of Alternative Network Deployments, presented in this document, is based on the following criteria:
本文档中介绍的备选网络部署分类基于以下标准：
The entity (or entities) or individuals behind an Alternative Network can be:
备选网络背后的实体或个人可以是：
o A community of users.
o 用户社区。
o A public stakeholder.
o 公众利益相关者。
o A private company.
o 私人公司。
o Supporters of a crowdshared approach.
o 大众共享方法的支持者。
o A community that already owns the infrastructure and shares it with an operator, who, in turn, may also use it for backhauling purposes.
o 已经拥有基础设施并与运营商共享的社区，运营商也可以将其用于回程运输目的。
o A research or academic entity.
o 研究或学术机构。
The above actors may play different roles in the design, financing, deployment, governance, and promotion of an Alternative Network. For example, each of the members of a Community Network maintains the ownership over the equipment they have contributed, whereas in others there is a single entity, e.g., a private company who owns the equipment, or at least a part of it.
The above actors may play different roles in the design, financing, deployment, governance, and promotion of an Alternative Network. For example, each of the members of a Community Network maintains the ownership over the equipment they have contributed, whereas in others there is a single entity, e.g., a private company who owns the equipment, or at least a part of it.translate error, please retry
Alternative Networks can be classified according to their purpose and the benefits they bring compared to mainstream solutions, regarding economic, technological, social, or political objectives. These benefits could be enjoyed mostly by the actors involved (e.g., lowering costs or gaining technical expertise) or by the local
替代网络可以根据其目的以及与主流解决方案相比所带来的好处（关于经济、技术、社会或政治目标）进行分类。这些好处主要可由相关行为者（如降低成本或获得技术专业知识）或当地政府享受
community (e.g., Internet access in underserved areas) or by the society as a whole (e.g., network neutrality).
社区（例如，服务不足地区的互联网接入）或整个社会（例如，网络中立）。
The benefits provided by Alternative Networks include, but are not limited to:
替代网络提供的好处包括但不限于：
o Extending coverage to underserved areas (users and communities).
o 将覆盖范围扩大到服务不足的地区（用户和社区）。
o Providing affordable Internet access for all.
o 为所有人提供负担得起的互联网接入。
o Reducing initial capital expenditures (for the network and the end user, or both).
o 减少初始资本支出（针对网络和最终用户，或两者）。
o Providing additional sources of capital (beyond the traditional carrier-based financing).
o 提供额外的资金来源（超越传统的基于承运人的融资）。
o Reducing ongoing operational costs (such as backhaul or network administration).
o 降低日常运营成本（如回程或网络管理）。
o Leveraging expertise and having a place for experimentation and teaching.
o 利用专业知识，为实验和教学提供场所。
o Reducing hurdles to adoption (e.g., digital literacy, literacy in general, and relevance).
o 减少采用障碍（例如，数字素养、总体素养和相关性）。
o Providing an alternative service in case of natural disasters and other extreme situations.
o 在自然灾害和其他极端情况下提供替代服务。
o Community building, social cohesion, and quality of life improvement.
o 社区建设、社会凝聚力和生活质量改善。
o Experimentation with alternative governance and ownership models for treating network infrastructures as a commons.
o 试验将网络基础设施视为公共设施的替代治理和所有权模型。
o Raising awareness of political debates around issues like network neutrality, knowledge sharing, access to resources, and more.
o 提高对围绕网络中立性、知识共享、资源获取等问题的政治辩论的认识。
Note that the different purposes of Alternative Networks can be more or less explicitly stated and they could also evolve over time based on the internal dynamics and external events. For example, the Red Hook WIFI network in Brooklyn [Redhook] started as a Community Network focusing more on local applications and community building [TidePools], but it became widely known when it played a key role as an alternative service available during the Sandy storm [Tech] [NYTimes].
请注意，替代网络的不同目的可以或多或少明确说明，它们也可以根据内部动态和外部事件随时间演变。例如，布鲁克林的红钩WIFI网络[Redhook]一开始是一个社区网络，主要关注本地应用和社区建设[TidePools]，但当它在沙尘暴[Tech][NYTimes]期间作为一种替代服务发挥关键作用时，它就广为人知了。
Moreover, especially for those networks with more open and horizontal governance models, the underlying motivations of those involved may be very diverse, ranging from altruistic ones related to the desire of free sharing of Internet connectivity and various forms of activism to personal benefits from the experience and expertise through the active participation in the deployment and management of a real and operational network.
此外，特别是对于那些具有更开放和横向治理模式的网络，参与的潜在动机可能非常多样，从与免费共享互联网连接和各种形式的行动主义相关的利他主义，到通过积极参与实际和运营网络的部署和管理从经验和专业知识中获得的个人利益。
Different governance models are present in Alternative Networks. They may range from some open and horizontal models, with an active participation of the users (e.g., Community Networks) to a more centralized model, where a single authority (e.g., a company or a public stakeholder) plans and manages the network, even if it is (total or partially) owned by a community.
替代网络中存在不同的治理模型。它们可能包括一些开放式和横向模式，用户积极参与（例如，社区网络），也可能是更集中的模式，其中单个机构（例如，公司或公共利益相关者）规划和管理网络，即使网络（全部或部分）归社区所有。
Regarding sustainability, some networks grow "organically" as a result of the new users who join and extend the network, contributing their own hardware. In some other cases, the existence of previous infrastructure (owned by the community or the users) may lower the capital expenditures of an operator, who can therefore provide the service with better economic conditions.
关于可持续性，由于新用户加入并扩展网络，贡献自己的硬件，一些网络“有机地”增长。在其他一些情况下，原有基础设施（由社区或用户拥有）的存在可能会降低运营商的资本支出，从而使运营商能够以更好的经济条件提供服务。
o Standard Wi-Fi. Many Alternative Networks are based on the standard IEEE 802.11 [IEEE.802.11] using the Distributed Coordination Function.
o 标准Wi-Fi。许多备选网络基于标准IEEE 802.11[IEEE.802.11]，使用分布式协调功能。
o Wi-Fi-based Long Distance (WiLD) networks. These can work with either Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) or an alternative Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) Media Access Control (MAC) [Simo_b].
o 基于Wi-Fi的远程（野生）网络。它们可以与具有冲突避免的载波侦听多址（CSMA/CA）或替代的时分多址（TDMA）媒体访问控制（MAC）[Simo_b]一起工作。
o TDMA. It can be combined with a Wi-Fi protocol, in a non-standard way [airMAX]. This configuration allows each client to send and receive data using pre-designated timeslots.
o TDMA。它可以以非标准方式与Wi-Fi协议结合使用[airMAX]。此配置允许每个客户端使用预先指定的时隙发送和接收数据。
o 802.16-compliant (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMax)) [IEEE.802.16] systems over non-licensed bands.
o 802.16兼容（全球微波接入互操作性（WiMax））[IEEE.802.16]系统，在非授权频段上运行。
o Dynamic Spectrum Solutions (e.g., based on the use of TV White Spaces). A set of television frequencies that can be utilized by secondary users in locations where they are unused, e.g., IEEE 802.11af [IEEE.802.11AF] or 802.22 [IEEE.802.22].
o 动态频谱解决方案（例如，基于电视空白的使用）。一组电视频率，可供次要用户在未使用的位置使用，例如IEEE 802.11af[IEEE.802.11af]或802.22[IEEE.802.22]。
o Satellite solutions can also be employed to give coverage to wide areas, as proposed in the RIFE project (https://rife-project.eu/).
o 如RIFE项目所建议的，卫星解决方案也可用于覆盖广大地区(https://rife-project.eu/).
o Low-cost optical fiber systems are also used to connect households in different places.
o 低成本光纤系统也用于连接不同地方的家庭。
The scenarios where Alternative Networks are usually deployed can be classified as:
通常部署备用网络的场景可分为：
o Urban/rural areas.
o 城市/农村地区。
o "Global north" / "global south" countries.
o "Global north" / "global south" countries.
This section classifies Alternative Networks according to the criteria explained previously. Each of them has different incentive structures, maybe common technological challenges, but most importantly interesting usage challenges that feed into the incentives as well as the technological challenges.
本节根据前面解释的标准对备选网络进行分类。其中每一个都有不同的激励结构，可能是共同的技术挑战，但最重要的是，有趣的使用挑战不仅会带来技术挑战，也会带来激励。
At the beginning of each subsection, a table is presented including a classification of each network according to the criteria listed in the "Classification Criteria" subsection. Real examples of each kind of Alternative Network are cited.
在每个小节的开头，都会给出一个表格，其中包括根据“分类标准”小节中列出的标准对每个网络进行的分类。列举了各种备选网络的实例。
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
| Entity behind | community |
| the network | |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
| Purpose | all the goals listed in Section 4.2 may be |
| | present |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
| Governance and | participatory administration model: non- |
| sustainability | centralized and open building and maintenance; |
| model | users may contribute their own hardware |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
| Technologies | Wi-Fi [IEEE.802.11] (standard and non-standard |
| employed | versions) and optical fiber |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
| Typical | urban and rural |
| scenarios | |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
| Entity behind | community |
| the network | |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
| Purpose | all the goals listed in Section 4.2 may be |
| | present |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
| Governance and | participatory administration model: non- |
| sustainability | centralized and open building and maintenance; |
| model | users may contribute their own hardware |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
| Technologies | Wi-Fi [IEEE.802.11] (standard and non-standard |
| employed | versions) and optical fiber |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
| Typical | urban and rural |
| scenarios | |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
Table 1: Characteristics Summary for Community Networks
表1：社区网络的特征总结
Community Networks are non-centralized, self-managed networks sharing these characteristics:
社区网络是非集中式、自我管理的网络，具有以下特征：
o They start and grow organically, and they are open to participation from everyone, sharing an open participation agreement. Community members directly contribute active (not just passive) network infrastructure. The network grows as new hosts and links are added.
o 它们是有机地开始和成长的，它们对每个人的参与都是开放的，共享一个开放的参与协议。社区成员直接贡献主动（而不仅仅是被动）网络基础设施。网络随着新主机和链路的添加而增长。
o Knowledge about building and maintaining the network and ownership of the network itself is non-centralized and open. Different degrees of centralization can be found in Community Networks. In some of them, a shared platform (e.g., a website) may exist where minimum coordination is performed. Community members with the right permissions have an obvious and direct form of organizational control over the overall organization of the network (e.g., IP addresses, routing, etc.) in their community (not just their own participation in the network).
o 关于构建和维护网络以及网络所有权本身的知识是非集中和开放的。在社区网络中可以发现不同程度的集中。在其中一些情况下，可能存在一个共享平台（例如网站），在该平台上执行最低限度的协调。拥有正确权限的社区成员对其社区中的网络整体组织（例如，IP地址、路由等）具有明显而直接的组织控制（而不仅仅是他们自己参与网络）。
o The network can serve as a backhaul for providing a whole range of services and applications, from completely free to even commercial services.
o 该网络可以作为回程，提供从完全免费到甚至商业服务的一系列服务和应用。
Hardware and software used in Community Networks can be very diverse and customized, even inside one network. A Community Network can have both wired and wireless links. Multiple routing protocols or network topology management systems may coexist in the network.
社区网络中使用的硬件和软件可以非常多样化和定制，即使在一个网络中也是如此。社区网络可以有有线和无线链接。多个路由协议或网络拓扑管理系统可能共存于网络中。
These networks grow organically, since they are formed by the aggregation of nodes belonging to different users. A minimal governance infrastructure is required in order to coordinate IP addressing, routing, etc. Several examples of Community Networks are described in [Braem]. A technological analysis of a Community Network is presented in [Vega_b], which focuses on technological network diversity, topology characteristics, the evolution of the network over time, robustness and reliability, and networking service availability.
这些网络是有机增长的，因为它们是由属于不同用户的节点聚合而成的。为了协调IP寻址、路由等，需要最低限度的治理基础设施。社区网络的几个示例在[BREAM]中进行了描述。[Vega_b]中介绍了社区网络的技术分析，重点是技术网络多样性、拓扑特征、网络随时间的演变、健壮性和可靠性以及网络服务可用性。
These networks follow a participatory administration model, which has been shown to be effective in connecting geographically dispersed people, thus enhancing and extending digital Internet rights.
这些网络遵循参与式管理模式，该模式已被证明能有效地连接地理位置分散的人，从而增强和扩大数字互联网权利。
Users adding new infrastructure (i.e., extensibility) can be used to formulate another definition: A Community Network is a network in which any participant in the system may add link segments to the network in such a way that the new segments can support multiple nodes and adopt the same overall characteristics as those of the joined network, including the capacity to further extend the network. Once these link segments are joined to the network, there is no longer a meaningful distinction between the previous and the new extent of the network. The term "participant" refers to an individual, who may become the user, provider, and manager of the network at the same time.
添加新基础设施（即可扩展性）的用户可用于制定另一个定义：社区网络是一种网络，其中系统中的任何参与者都可以向网络添加链路段，这种方式使得新的链路段可以支持多个节点，并采用与连接网络相同的总体特征，包括进一步扩展网络的能力。一旦这些链路段连接到网络，网络的上一个区段和新区段之间就不再存在有意义的区别。术语“参与者”是指可以同时成为网络的用户、提供者和管理者的个人。
In Community Networks, profit can only be made by offering services and not simply by supplying the infrastructure, because the infrastructure is neutral, free, and open (mainstream Internet Service Providers base their business on the control of the infrastructure). In Community Networks, everybody usually keeps the ownership of what he/she has contributed or leaves the stewardship of the equipment to the network as a whole (the commons), even loosing track of the ownership of a particular equipment itself, in favor of the community.
在社区网络中，利润只能通过提供服务而不是仅仅通过提供基础设施来实现，因为基础设施是中立、免费和开放的（主流互联网服务提供商将其业务建立在对基础设施的控制之上）。在社区网络中，每个人通常保留他/她所贡献的东西的所有权，或将设备的管理权交给整个网络（公共空间），甚至失去特定设备本身的所有权，以利于社区。
The majority of Community Networks comply with the definition of Free Network, included in Section 2.
大多数社区网络符合第2节中的免费网络定义。
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
| Entity behind | company |
| the network | |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
| Purpose | to serve underserved areas; to reduce capital |
| | expenditures in Internet access; and to provide |
| | additional sources of capital |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
| Governance and | operated by a company that provides the |
| sustainability | equipment; centralized administration |
| model | |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
| Technologies | wireless, e.g., [IEEE.802.11] and [IEEE.802.16] |
| employed | and unlicensed frequencies |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
| Typical | rural (urban deployments also exist) |
| scenarios | |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
| Entity behind | company |
| the network | |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
| Purpose | to serve underserved areas; to reduce capital |
| | expenditures in Internet access; and to provide |
| | additional sources of capital |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
| Governance and | operated by a company that provides the |
| sustainability | equipment; centralized administration |
| model | |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
| Technologies | wireless, e.g., [IEEE.802.11] and [IEEE.802.16] |
| employed | and unlicensed frequencies |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
| Typical | rural (urban deployments also exist) |
| scenarios | |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
Table 2: Characteristics Summary for WISPs
表2：WISP的特性总结
WISPs are commercially operated wireless Internet networks that provide Internet and/or Voice over Internet (VoIP) services. They are most common in areas not covered by mainstream telecommunications companies or ISPs. WISPs mostly use wireless point-to-multipoint links using unlicensed spectrum but often must resort to licensed frequencies. Use of licensed frequencies is common in regions where unlicensed spectrum is either perceived to be crowded or too unreliable to offer commercial services, or where unlicensed spectrum faces regulatory barriers impeding its use.
WISP是商业运营的无线互联网网络，提供互联网和/或互联网语音（VoIP）服务。它们在主流电信公司或ISP未覆盖的地区最为常见。WISP主要使用无线点对多点链路，使用未经许可的频谱，但通常必须使用许可的频率。在未经许可的频谱被认为拥挤或太不可靠而无法提供商业服务，或者未经许可的频谱面临阻碍其使用的监管障碍的地区，使用许可频率是很常见的。
Most WISPs are operated by local companies responding to a perceived market gap. There is a small but growing number of WISPs, such as [Airjaldi] in India, that have expanded from local service into multiple locations.
大多数WISP由当地公司运营，以应对感知到的市场缺口。有少量但数量不断增加的WISP，如印度的[Airjaldi]，已从本地服务扩展到多个地点。
Since 2006, the deployment of cloud-managed WISPs has been possible with hardware from companies such as [Meraki] and later [OpenMesh] and others. Until recently, however, most of these services have been aimed at "global north" markets. In 2014, a cloud-managed WISP service aimed at "global south" markets was launched [Everylayer].
自2006年以来，使用[Meraki]和更高版本的[OpenMesh]等公司的硬件就可以部署云管理WISP。然而，直到最近，这些服务中的大多数都是针对“全球北方”市场的。2014年，针对“全球南方”市场推出了云管理WISP服务[Everylayer]。
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
| Entity behind | shared: companies and users |
| the network | |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
| Purpose | to eliminate a capital expenditures barrier (to |
| | operators); lower the operating expenses |
| | (supported by the community); and extend |
| | coverage to underserved areas |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
| Governance and | the community rents the existing infrastructure |
| sustainability | to an operator |
| model | |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
| Technologies | wireless in non-licensed bands, mobile |
| employed | femtocells, WiLD networks [WiLD], and/or low- |
| | cost fiber |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
| Typical | rural areas, and more particularly rural areas |
| scenarios | in "global south" regions |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
| Entity behind | shared: companies and users |
| the network | |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
| Purpose | to eliminate a capital expenditures barrier (to |
| | operators); lower the operating expenses |
| | (supported by the community); and extend |
| | coverage to underserved areas |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
| Governance and | the community rents the existing infrastructure |
| sustainability | to an operator |
| model | |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
| Technologies | wireless in non-licensed bands, mobile |
| employed | femtocells, WiLD networks [WiLD], and/or low- |
| | cost fiber |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
| Typical | rural areas, and more particularly rural areas |
| scenarios | in "global south" regions |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
Table 3: Characteristics Summary for Shared Infrastructure
表3：共享基础设施的特征总结
In mainstream networks, the operator usually owns the telecommunications infrastructure required for the service or sometimes rents infrastructure to/from other companies. The problem arises in large areas with low population density, in which neither the operator nor the other companies have deployed infrastructure and such deployments are not likely to happen due to the low potential return on investment.
在主流网络中，运营商通常拥有服务所需的电信基础设施，或者有时向其他公司租用基础设施。该问题出现在人口密度较低的大区域，运营商和其他公司均未在该区域部署基础设施，且由于潜在投资回报较低，此类部署不太可能发生。
When users already own deployed infrastructure, either individually or as a community, sharing that infrastructure with an operator can benefit both parties and is a solution that has been deployed in some areas. For the operator, this provides a significant reduction in the initial investment needed to provide services in small rural localities because capital expenditure is only associated with the access network. Renting capacity in the users' network for backhauling only requires an increment in the operating expenditure. This approach also benefits the users in two ways: they obtain improved access to telecommunications services that would not be accessible otherwise, and they can derive some income from the operator that helps to offset the network's operating costs, particularly for network maintenance.
当用户已经拥有已部署的基础设施时，无论是单独还是作为社区，与运营商共享该基础设施都可以使双方受益，并且是已在某些地区部署的解决方案。对于运营商而言，这大大减少了在小型农村地区提供服务所需的初始投资，因为资本支出仅与接入网络相关。用户网络中用于回程运输的租赁容量只需要增加运营支出。这种方法还可以从两个方面让用户受益：他们可以更好地获得否则无法获得的电信服务；他们可以从运营商那里获得一些收入，帮助抵消网络的运营成本，特别是网络维护成本。
One clear example of the potential of the "shared infrastructure model" nowadays is the deployment of 3G services in rural areas in which there is a broadband rural Community Network. Since the inception of femtocells (small, low-power cellular base stations), there are complete technical solutions for low-cost 3G coverage using the Internet as a backhaul. If a user or community of users has an IP network connected to the Internet with some excess capacity, placing a femtocell in the user premises benefits both the user and the operator, as the user obtains better coverage and the operator does not have to support the cost of the backhaul infrastructure. Although this paradigm was conceived for improved indoor coverage, the solution is feasible for 3G coverage in underserved rural areas with low population density (i.e., villages), where the number of simultaneous users and the servicing area are small enough to use low-cost femtocells. Also, the amount of traffic produced by these cells can be easily transported by most community broadband rural networks.
如今，“共享基础设施模式”潜力的一个明显例子是在农村地区部署3G服务，那里有一个宽带农村社区网络。自femtocells（小型、低功率蜂窝基站）诞生以来，就有了利用互联网作为回程的低成本3G覆盖的完整技术解决方案。如果一个用户或用户社区有一个连接到互联网的IP网络，并且容量有些过剩，那么在用户场所中放置一个毫微微蜂窝对用户和运营商都有利，因为用户获得了更好的覆盖，运营商不必支持回程基础设施的成本。尽管这种模式是为改善室内覆盖而构想的，但该解决方案对于人口密度低、服务不足的农村地区（即村庄）的3G覆盖是可行的，因为在这些地区，同时使用的用户数量和服务区域都很小，足以使用低成本的毫微微蜂窝。此外，这些小区产生的流量可以通过大多数社区宽带农村网络轻松传输。
Some real examples can be referenced in the TUCAN3G project, which deployed demonstrator networks in two regions in the Amazon forest in Peru [Simo_d]. In these networks [Simo_a], the operator and several rural communities cooperated to provide services through rural networks built up with WiLD links [WiLD]. In these cases, the networks belonged to the public health authorities and were deployed with funds that came from international cooperation for telemedicine purposes. Publications that justify the feasibility of this approach can also be found on that website.
TUCAN3G项目中可以参考一些真实的例子，该项目在秘鲁亚马逊森林的两个地区部署了演示网络[Simo_d]。在这些网络[Simo_a]中，运营商和几个农村社区合作，通过建立在野生链接[WiLD]上的农村网络提供服务。在这些情况下，这些网络属于公共卫生当局，由国际合作提供的资金用于远程医疗。该网站上还可以找到证明这种方法可行性的出版物。
5.4. Crowdshared Approaches Led by the Users and Third-Party Stakeholders
5.4. 由用户和第三方利益相关者主导的众享方法
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
| Entity behind | community, public stakeholders, private |
| the network | companies, and supporters of a crowdshared |
| | approach |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
| Purpose | sharing connectivity and resources |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
| Governance and | users share their capacity, coordinated by a |
| sustainability | Virtual Network Operator (VNO); different models |
| model | may exist, depending on the nature of the VNO |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
| Technologies | Wi-Fi [IEEE.802.11] |
| employed | |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
| Typical | urban and rural |
| scenarios | |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
| Entity behind | community, public stakeholders, private |
| the network | companies, and supporters of a crowdshared |
| | approach |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
| Purpose | sharing connectivity and resources |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
| Governance and | users share their capacity, coordinated by a |
| sustainability | Virtual Network Operator (VNO); different models |
| model | may exist, depending on the nature of the VNO |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
| Technologies | Wi-Fi [IEEE.802.11] |
| employed | |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
| Typical | urban and rural |
| scenarios | |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
Table 4: Characteristics Summary for Crowdshared Approaches
表4：众享方法的特征总结
These networks can be defined as a set of nodes whose owners share common interests (e.g., sharing connectivity; resources; and peripherals) regardless of their physical location. They conform to the following approach: the home router creates two wireless networks -- one of them is normally used by the owner, and the other one is public. A small fraction of the bandwidth is allocated to the public network to be employed by any user of the service in the immediate area. Some examples are described in [PAWS] and [Sathiaseelan_c]. Other examples are found in the networks created and managed by city councils (e.g., [Heer]). The "openwireless movement" (https://openwireless.org/) also promotes the sharing of private wireless networks.
这些网络可以定义为其所有者共享共同利益（例如，共享连接、资源和外围设备）的一组节点，而不管其物理位置如何。它们遵循以下方法：家庭路由器创建两个无线网络——其中一个通常由所有者使用，另一个是公共的。将带宽的一小部分分配给公共网络，供直接区域内的任何服务用户使用。[PAWS]和[Sathiaseelan_c]中描述了一些示例。其他例子可在市议会创建和管理的网络中找到（例如，[Heer]）。“开放无线运动”(https://openwireless.org/)还促进了专用无线网络的共享。
Some companies [Fon] also promote the use of Wi-Fi routers with dual access: a Wi-Fi network for the user and a shared one. Adequate Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA) policies are implemented, so people can join the network in different ways: they can buy a router, so they can share their connection and in turn, they get access to all the routers associated with the community. Some users can even get some revenue every time another user connects to their Wi-Fi Access Point. Users that are not part of the community can buy passes in order to use the network. Some mainstream telecommunications operators collaborate with these
一些公司[Fon]还推广使用具有双重接入功能的Wi-Fi路由器：用户的Wi-Fi网络和共享的Wi-Fi网络。实施了充分的身份验证、授权和计费（AAA）策略，因此人们可以以不同的方式加入网络：他们可以购买路由器，这样他们可以共享连接，反过来，他们可以访问与社区相关的所有路由器。有些用户甚至可以在每次其他用户连接到其Wi-Fi接入点时获得一些收入。不属于社区的用户可以购买通行证以使用网络。一些主流电信运营商与这些公司合作
communities by including the functionality required to create the two access networks in their routers. Some of these efforts are surveyed in [Shi].
通过将创建两个接入网络所需的功能包括在其路由器中，来创建社区。[Shi]对其中一些努力进行了调查。
The elements involved in a crowdshared network are summarized below:
众享网络涉及的要素总结如下：
o Interest: A parameter capable of providing a measure (cost) of the attractiveness of a node in a specific location, at a specific instance in time.
o 兴趣：一个参数，能够提供特定位置、特定时间、特定实例中节点吸引力的度量（成本）。
o Resources: A physical or virtual element of a global system. For instance, bandwidth; energy; data; and devices.
o 资源：全局系统的物理或虚拟元素。例如，带宽；能量数据和设备。
o The owner: End users who sign up for the service and share their network capacity. As a counterpart, they can access another owner's home network capacity for free. The owner can be an end user or an entity (e.g., operator; virtual mobile network operator; or municipality) that is to be made responsible for any actions concerning his/her device.
o 所有者：注册服务并共享其网络容量的最终用户。作为对应方，他们可以免费访问其他所有者的家庭网络容量。所有者可以是最终用户或实体（例如，运营商；虚拟移动网络运营商；或市政当局），负责与其设备相关的任何行动。
o The user: A legal entity or an individual using or requesting a publicly available electronic communications service for private or business purposes, without necessarily having subscribed to such service.
o 用户：为私人或商业目的使用或请求公共电子通信服务的法律实体或个人，但不一定已订阅该服务。
o The VNO: An entity that acts in some aspects as a network coordinator. It may provide services such as initial authentication or registration and, eventually, trust relationship storage. A VNO is not an ISP given that it does not provide Internet access (e.g., infrastructure or naming). A VNO is not an Application Service Provider (ASP) either since it does not provide user services. VNOs may also be stakeholders with socio-environmental objectives. They can be local governments, grassroots user communities, charities, or even content operators, smart grid operators, etc. They are the ones who actually run the service.
o VNO：在某些方面充当网络协调器的实体。它可以提供初始身份验证或注册等服务，并最终提供信任关系存储。VNO不是ISP，因为它不提供互联网访问（例如，基础设施或命名）。VNO也不是应用程序服务提供商（ASP），因为它不提供用户服务。VNO也可能是具有社会环境目标的利益相关者。他们可以是地方政府、基层用户社区、慈善机构，甚至是内容运营商、智能电网运营商等。他们是实际运营这项服务的人。
o Network operators: They have a financial incentive to lease out unused capacity [Sathiaseelan_b] at a lower cost to the VNOs.
o 网络运营商：他们有一个财政激励，以较低的成本将未使用的容量[Sathiaseelan_b]出租给VNO。
VNOs pay the sharers and the network operators, thus creating an incentive structure for all the actors: the end users get money for sharing their network, and the network operators are paid by the VNOs, who in turn accomplish their socio-environmental role.
网络运营商向共享者和网络运营商付费，从而为所有参与者创造了一个激励结构：最终用户通过共享其网络获得资金，网络运营商由网络运营商付费，网络运营商反过来完成其社会环境角色。
+---------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| Entity behind the | rural utility cooperative |
| network | |
+---------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| Purpose | to serve underserved areas and to reduce |
| | capital expenditures in Internet access |
+---------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| Governance and | the cooperative partners with an ISP who |
| sustainability | manages the network |
| model | |
+---------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| Technologies | wired (fiber) and wireless |
| employed | |
+---------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| Typical scenarios | rural |
+---------------------+---------------------------------------------+
+---------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| Entity behind the | rural utility cooperative |
| network | |
+---------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| Purpose | to serve underserved areas and to reduce |
| | capital expenditures in Internet access |
+---------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| Governance and | the cooperative partners with an ISP who |
| sustainability | manages the network |
| model | |
+---------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| Technologies | wired (fiber) and wireless |
| employed | |
+---------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| Typical scenarios | rural |
+---------------------+---------------------------------------------+
Table 5: Characteristics Summary for Rural Utility Cooperatives
表5：农村公用事业合作社的特征总结
A utility cooperative is a type of cooperative that delivers a public utility to its members. For example, in the United States, rural electric cooperatives have provided electric service starting in the 1930s, especially in areas where investor-owned utility would not provide service, believing there would be insufficient revenue to justify the capital expenditures required. Similarly, in many regions with low population density, traditional Internet Service Providers such as telephone companies or cable TV companies are either not providing service at all or only offering low-speed DSL service. Some rural electric cooperatives started installing fiber optic lines to run their smart grid applications, but they found they could provide fiber-based broadband to their members at little additional cost [Cash]. In some of these cases, rural electric cooperatives have partnered with local ISPs to provide Internet connection to their members [Carlson]. More information about these utilities and their management can be found in [NewMexico] and [Mitchell].
公用事业合作社是一种向其成员提供公用事业的合作社。例如，在美国，农村电力合作社从20世纪30年代开始提供电力服务，特别是在投资者拥有的公用事业公司不提供服务的地区，他们认为收入不足以证明所需的资本支出。类似地，在许多人口密度较低的地区，电话公司或有线电视公司等传统互联网服务提供商要么根本不提供服务，要么只提供低速DSL服务。一些农村电力合作社开始安装光纤线路来运行其智能电网应用程序，但他们发现，他们可以以很少的额外成本[现金]向其成员提供基于光纤的宽带。在某些情况下，农村电力合作社与当地ISP合作，为其成员提供互联网连接[Carlson]。有关这些公用事业及其管理的更多信息，请参见[新墨西哥州]和[米切尔]。
+------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| Entity behind | research/academic entity |
| the network | |
+------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| Purpose | research |
+------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| Governance and | the management is initially coordinated by the |
| sustainability | research entity, but it may end up in a |
| model | different model |
+------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| Technologies | wired and wireless |
| employed | |
+------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| Typical | urban and rural |
| scenarios | |
+------------------+------------------------------------------------+
+------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| Entity behind | research/academic entity |
| the network | |
+------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| Purpose | research |
+------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| Governance and | the management is initially coordinated by the |
| sustainability | research entity, but it may end up in a |
| model | different model |
+------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| Technologies | wired and wireless |
| employed | |
+------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| Typical | urban and rural |
| scenarios | |
+------------------+------------------------------------------------+
Table 6: Characteristics Summary for Testbeds
表6：试验台的特性总结
In some cases, the initiative to start the network is not from the community but from a research entity (e.g., a university), with the aim of using it for research purposes [Samanta] [Bernardi].
在某些情况下，启动该网络的倡议并非来自社区，而是来自一个研究实体（如大学），目的是将其用于研究目的[Samanta][Bernardi]。
The administration of these networks may start being centralized in most cases (administered by the academic entity) and may end up in a non-centralized model in which other local stakeholders assume part of the network administration (for example, see [Rey]).
在大多数情况下，这些网络的管理可能开始集中化（由学术实体管理），并可能最终以非集中化模式结束，在这种模式中，其他本地利益相关者承担网络管理的一部分（例如，见[Rey]）。
In many ("global north" or "global south") countries, it may happen that national service providers decline to provide connectivity to tiny and isolated villages. So in some cases, the villagers have created their own optical fiber networks. This is the case in Lowenstedt, Germany [Lowenstedt] or in some parts of Guifi.net [Cerda-Alabern].
在许多（“全球北方”或“全球南方”）国家，国家服务提供商可能会拒绝提供与偏远小村庄的连接。因此，在某些情况下，村民们建立了自己的光纤网络。德国洛温塞特[Lowenstedt]或Guifi.net[Cerda Alabern]的某些部分就是这种情况。
The vast majority of Alternative Network Deployments are based on different wireless technologies [WNDW]. Below we summarize the options and trends when using these features in Alternative Networks.
绝大多数备选网络部署基于不同的无线技术[WNDW]。下面我们总结了在替代网络中使用这些功能时的选项和趋势。
Different protocols for MAC, which also include physical layer (PHY) recommendations, are widely used in Alternative Network Deployments. Wireless standards ensure interoperability and usability to those who design, deploy, and manage wireless networks. In addition, they then ensure the low cost of equipment due to economies of scale and mass production.
MAC的不同协议（也包括物理层（PHY）建议）广泛用于替代网络部署。无线标准确保了设计、部署和管理无线网络的人员的互操作性和可用性。此外，由于规模经济和大规模生产，他们确保了设备的低成本。
The standards used in the vast majority of Alternative Networks come from the IEEE Standard Association's IEEE 802 Working Group. Standards developed by other international entities can also be used, such as, e.g., the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI).
绝大多数替代网络中使用的标准来自IEEE标准协会的IEEE 802工作组。也可以使用其他国际实体制定的标准，例如欧洲电信标准协会（ETSI）。
The standard we are most interested in is 802.11 a/b/g/n/ac, as it defines the protocol for Wireless LAN. It is also known as "Wi-Fi". The original release (a/b) was issued in 1999 and allowed for rates up to 54 Mbit/s. The latest release (802.11ac) approved in 2013 reaches up to 866.7 Mbit/s. In 2012, the IEEE issued an 802.11 standard that consolidated all the previous amendments [IEEE.802.11]. The document is freely downloadable from the IEEE Standards Association [IEEE].
我们最感兴趣的标准是802.11a/b/g/n/ac，因为它定义了无线局域网的协议。它也被称为“Wi-Fi”。最初的版本（a/b）发布于1999年，允许速率高达54Mbit/s。2013年批准的最新版本（802.11ac）最高可达866.7 Mbit/s。2012年，IEEE发布了一项802.11标准，该标准整合了之前的所有修订[IEEE.802.11]。该文件可从IEEE标准协会[IEEE]免费下载。
The MAC protocol in 802.11 is called CSMA/CA and was designed for short distances; the transmitter expects the reception of an acknowledgment for each transmitted unicast packet and if a certain waiting time is exceeded, the packet is retransmitted. This behavior makes necessary the adaptation of several MAC parameters when 802.11 is used in long links [Simo_b]. Even with this adaptation, distance has a significant negative impact on performance. For this reason, many vendors implement alternative medium access techniques that are offered alongside the standard CSMA/CA in their outdoor 802.11 products. These alternative proprietary MAC protocols usually employ some type of TDMA. Low-cost equipment using these techniques can offer high throughput at distances above 100 kilometers.
802.11中的MAC协议称为CSMA/CA，是为短距离设计的；发射机期望接收到对每个发送的单播分组的确认，如果超过某个等待时间，则重新发送该分组。当802.11用于长链路[Simo_b]时，这种行为需要对多个MAC参数进行自适应。即使进行了这种调整，距离也会对性能产生显著的负面影响。因此，许多供应商在其户外802.11产品中实施了与标准CSMA/CA一起提供的替代介质访问技术。这些可选的专有MAC协议通常采用某种类型的TDMA。使用这些技术的低成本设备可以在100公里以上的距离上提供高吞吐量。
Different specifications of 802.11 operate in different frequency bands. 802.11b/g/n operates in 2.4 GHz, but 802.11a/n/ac operates in 5 GHz. This fact is used in some Community Networks in order to separate ordinary and "backbone" nodes:
802.11的不同规范在不同的频段中运行。802.11b/g/n的工作频率为2.4 GHz，但802.11a/n/ac的工作频率为5 GHz。在一些社区网络中使用这一事实是为了分离普通节点和“主干”节点：
o Typical routers running mesh firmware in homes, offices, and public spaces operate at 2.4 GHz.
o 在家庭、办公室和公共场所运行mesh固件的典型路由器的工作频率为2.4 GHz。
o Special routers running mesh firmware as well but broadcasting and receiving on the 5 GHz band are used in point-to-point connections only. They are helpful to create a "backbone" on the network that can both connect neighborhoods to one another when reasonable connections with 2.4 GHz nodes are not possible, and they ensure that users of 2.4 GHz nodes are within a few hops to strong and stable connections to the rest of the network.
o 运行mesh固件但在5 GHz频段上广播和接收的特殊路由器仅用于点对点连接。它们有助于在网络上创建一个“主干网”，当无法与2.4 GHz节点进行合理连接时，该主干网既可以将邻域连接到另一个邻域，又可以确保2.4 GHz节点的用户能够在几跳之内与网络的其余部分进行强而稳定的连接。
Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), from ETSI, has also been used in Alternative Networks as a Layer 2 option, as explained in [Mexican], [Village], and [Heimerl]. Open source GSM code projects such as OpenBTS (http://openbts.org) or OpenBSC (http://openbsc.osmocom.org/trac/) have created an ecosystem with the participation of several companies such as, e.g., [Rangenetworks], [Endaga], and [YateBTS]. This enables deployments of voice, SMS, and Internet services over Alternative Networks with an IP-based backhaul.
ETSI的全球移动通信系统（GSM）也作为第2层选项用于替代网络，如[墨西哥]、[村庄]和[海默尔]中所述。开源GSM代码项目，如OpenBTS(http://openbts.org)或OpenBSC(http://openbsc.osmocom.org/trac/)在[Rangenetworks]、[Endaga]和[YateBTS]等多家公司的参与下创建了一个生态系统。这使得语音、SMS和Internet服务能够通过基于IP的回程的替代网络进行部署。
Internet navigation is usually restricted to relatively low bit rates (see, e.g., [Osmocom]). However, leveraging on the evolution of Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) standards, a trend can be observed towards the integration of 4G [Spectrum] [YateBTS] or 5G [Openair] functionalities, with significant increase of achievable bit rates.
互联网导航通常被限制在相对较低的比特率（例如，参见[Osmocom]）。然而，利用第三代合作伙伴计划（3GPP）标准的发展，可以观察到4G[频谱][YateBTS]或5G[开放式空中]功能的集成趋势，可实现的比特率显著增加。
Depending on factors such as the allocated frequency band, the adoption of licensed spectrum can have advantages over the eventually higher frequencies used for Wi-Fi, in terms of signal propagation and, consequently, coverage. Other factors favorable to 3GPP technologies, especially GSM, are the low cost and energy consumption of handsets, which facilitate its use by low-income communities.
根据分配的频带等因素，在信号传播和覆盖范围方面，采用许可频谱可能比最终用于Wi-Fi的更高频率具有优势。其他有利于3GPP技术，特别是GSM的因素是手机的低成本和低能耗，这有利于低收入群体使用手机。
Some Alternative Networks make use of TV White Spaces [Lysko] -- a set of UHF and VHF television frequencies that can be utilized by secondary users in locations where they are unused by licensed primary users such as television broadcasters. Equipment that makes use of TV White Spaces is required to detect the presence of existing unused TV channels by means of a spectrum database and/or spectrum sensing in order to ensure that no harmful interference is caused to primary users. In order to smartly allocate interference-free channels to the devices, cognitive radios are used that are able to modify their frequency, power, and modulation techniques to meet the strict operating conditions required for secondary users.
一些替代网络利用电视空白[Lysko]——一组UHF和VHF电视频率，可供二级用户在许可的主要用户（如电视广播公司）未使用的位置使用。需要使用电视空白的设备通过频谱数据库和/或频谱感应来检测现有未使用电视频道的存在，以确保不会对主要用户造成有害干扰。为了智能地为设备分配无干扰信道，使用了能够修改其频率、功率和调制技术的认知无线电，以满足次要用户所需的严格操作条件。
The use of the term "White Spaces" is often used to describe "TV White Spaces" as the VHF and UHF television frequencies were the first to be exploited on a secondary use basis. There are two dominant standards for TV White Space communication: (i) the 802.11af standard [IEEE.802.11AF] -- an adaptation of the 802.11 standard for TV White Space bands -- and (ii) the IEEE 802.22 standard [IEEE.802.22] for long-range rural communication.
术语“空白”的使用通常用于描述“电视空白”，因为VHF和UHF电视频率是第一个以二次使用为基础进行利用的频率。电视白空间通信有两个主要标准：（i）802.11af标准[IEEE.802.11af]——对电视白空间频带的802.11标准的改编——和（ii）用于远程农村通信的IEEE 802.22标准[IEEE.802.22]。
802.11af [IEEE.802.11AF] is a modified version of the 802.11 standard operating in TV White Space bands using cognitive radios to avoid interference with primary users. The standard is often referred to as "White-Fi" or "Super Wi-Fi" and was approved in February 2014. 802.11af contains much of the advances of all the 802.11 standards including recent advances in 802.11ac such as up to four bonded channels, four spatial streams, and very high-rate 256 QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) but with improved in-building penetration and outdoor coverage. The maximum data rate achievable is 426.7 Mbit/s for countries with 6/7 MHz channels and 568.9 Mbit/s for countries with 8 MHz channels. Coverage is typically limited to 1 km although longer range at lower throughput and using high gain antennas will be possible.
802.11af[IEEE.802.11af]是802.11标准的一个修改版本，使用认知无线电在电视空白频段工作，以避免对主要用户的干扰。该标准通常被称为“白色Wi-Fi”或“超级Wi-Fi”，并于2014年2月获得批准。802.11af包含了所有802.11标准的许多进步，包括802.11ac的最新进步，例如多达四个绑定通道、四个空间流和非常高的速率256 QAM（正交幅度调制），但具有改进的室内穿透和室外覆盖。对于具有6/7 MHz信道的国家，可实现的最大数据速率为426.7 Mbit/s，对于具有8 MHz信道的国家，可实现的最大数据速率为568.9 Mbit/s。覆盖范围通常限制在1公里以内，尽管在较低的吞吐量下可以使用更长的距离和高增益天线。
Devices are designated as enabling stations (Access Points) or dependent stations (clients). Enabling stations are authorized to control the operation of a dependent station and securely access a geolocation database. Once the enabling station has received a list of available White Space channels, it can announce a chosen channel to the dependent stations for them to communicate with the enabling station. 802.11af also makes use of a registered location server -- a local database that organizes the geographic location and operating parameters of all enabling stations.
设备被指定为启用站（接入点）或从属站（客户端）。授权启用站控制从属站的操作并安全访问地理位置数据库。启用站收到可用空白信道列表后，可以向从属站宣布所选信道，以便它们与启用站通信。802.11af还使用注册位置服务器——一个本地数据库，用于组织所有启用站点的地理位置和操作参数。
802.22 [IEEE.802.22] is a standard developed specifically for long-range rural communications in TV White Space frequencies and was first approved in July 2011. The standard is similar to the 802.16 (WiMax) [IEEE.802.16] standard with an added cognitive radio ability. The maximum throughput of 802.22 is 22.6 Mbit/s for a single 8 MHz channel using 64-QAM modulation. The achievable range using the default MAC scheme is 30 km; however, 100 km is possible with special scheduling techniques. The MAC of 802.22 is specifically customized for long distances -- for example, slots in a frame destined for more distant Consumer Premises Equipment (CPE) are sent before slots destined for nearby CPEs.
802.22[IEEE.802.22]是专门为电视空白频率的远程农村通信开发的标准，于2011年7月首次获得批准。该标准类似于802.16（WiMax）[IEEE.802.16]标准，增加了认知无线电能力。对于使用64-QAM调制的单个8 MHz信道，802.22的最大吞吐量为22.6 Mbit/s。使用默认MAC方案的可实现距离为30公里；然而，使用特殊的调度技术，100公里是可能的。802.22的MAC是专门为长距离定制的——例如，在发送到附近CPE的插槽之前，先发送帧中发送给更远的消费者房屋设备（CPE）的插槽。
Base stations are required to have a Global Positioning System (GPS) and a connection to the Internet in order to query a geolocation spectrum database. Once the base station receives the allowed TV channels, it communicates a preferred operating TV White Space channel with the CPE devices. The standard also includes a coexistence mechanism that uses beacons to make other 802.22 base stations aware of the presence of a base station that is not part of the same network.
基站需要有全球定位系统（GPS）和互联网连接，以便查询地理定位频谱数据库。一旦基站接收到允许的电视频道，它就与CPE设备通信优选的操作电视空白频道。该标准还包括共存机制，该共存机制使用信标使其他802.22基站意识到不属于同一网络的基站的存在。
Most Community Networks use private IPv4 address ranges, as defined by [RFC1918]. The motivation for this was the lower cost and the simplified IP allocation because of the large available address ranges.
大多数社区网络使用[RFC1918]定义的专用IPv4地址范围。这样做的动机是，由于可用地址范围大，所以成本更低，IP分配也更简单。
Most known Alternative Networks started in or around the year 2000. IPv6 was fully specified by then, but almost all Alternative Networks still use IPv4. A survey [Avonts] indicated that IPv6 rollout presented a challenge to Community Networks. However, some of them have already adopted it, such as ninux.org.
大多数已知的替代网络始于2000年左右。到那时，IPv6已完全指定，但几乎所有替代网络仍使用IPv4。一项调查[Avonts]表明，IPv6的推出对社区网络提出了挑战。然而，他们中的一些人已经采用了它，比如ninux.org。
As stated in previous sections, Alternative Networks are composed of possibly different Layer 2 devices, resulting in a mesh of nodes. A connection between different nodes is not guaranteed, and the link stability can vary strongly over time. To tackle this, some Alternative Networks use mesh routing protocols for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs), while other ones use more traditional routing protocols. Some networks operate multiple routing protocols in parallel. For example, they may use a mesh protocol inside different islands and rely on traditional routing protocols to connect these islands.
如前几节所述，备选网络由可能不同的第2层设备组成，从而形成节点网格。不保证不同节点之间的连接，并且链路稳定性随时间变化很大。为了解决这个问题，一些替代网络使用移动自组织网络（MANET）的网状路由协议，而另一些网络使用更传统的路由协议。有些网络并行运行多个路由协议。例如，他们可能在不同的岛内使用网状协议，并依赖传统路由协议来连接这些岛。
The Border Gateway Protocol (BGP), as defined by [RFC4271], is used by a number of Community Networks because of its well-studied behavior and scalability.
[RFC4271]定义的边界网关协议（BGP）因其经过充分研究的行为和可扩展性而被许多社区网络使用。
For similar reasons, smaller networks opt to run the Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) protocol, as defined by [RFC2328].
出于类似的原因，较小的网络选择运行[RFC2328]定义的开放最短路径优先（OSPF）协议。
A large number of Alternative Networks use customized versions of the Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) Protocol [RFC3626]. The open source project [OLSR] has extended the protocol with the Expected Transmission Count (ETX) metric [Couto] and other features for its use in Alternative Networks, especially wireless ones. A new version of the protocol, named OLSRv2 [RFC7181], is becoming used in some Community Networks [Barz].
大量备选网络使用定制版本的优化链路状态路由（OLSR）协议[RFC3626]。开放源代码项目[OLSR]使用预期传输计数（ETX）度量[Couto]和其他特性扩展了该协议，以用于替代网络，特别是无线网络。该协议的一个新版本，名为OLSRv2[RFC7181]，正在一些社区网络[Barz]中使用。
Better Approach To Mobile Ad Hoc Networking (B.A.T.M.A.N.) Advanced [Seither] is a Layer 2 routing protocol, which creates a bridged network and allows seamless roaming of clients between wireless nodes.
更好的移动自组网方法（B.A.T.M.A.N.）Advanced[Seither]是一种第2层路由协议，它创建了一个桥接网络，并允许客户端在无线节点之间无缝漫游。
Some networks also run the BatMan-eXperimental Version 6 (BMX6) protocol [Neumann_a], which is based on IPv6 and tries to exploit the social structure of Alternative Networks.
一些网络还运行蝙蝠侠实验版本6（BMX6）协议[Neumann_a]，该协议基于IPv6，并试图利用替代网络的社会结构。
Babel [RFC6126] is a Layer 3 loop-avoiding distance-vector routing protocol that is robust and efficient both in wired and wireless mesh networks.
Babel[RFC6126]是一种三层环路避免距离向量路由协议，在有线和无线网状网络中都是健壮和高效的。
In [Neumann_b], a study of three proactive mesh routing protocols (BMX6, OLSR, and Babel) is presented, in terms of scalability, performance, and stability.
在[Neumann_b]中，从可伸缩性、性能和稳定性方面介绍了三种主动网状路由协议（BMX6、OLSR和Babel）的研究。
When network resources are shared (as, e.g., in the networks explained in Section 5.4), special care has to be taken with the management of the traffic at upper layers. From a crowdshared perspective, and considering just regular TCP connections during the critical sharing time, the Access Point offering the service is likely to be the bottleneck of the connection.
当共享网络资源时（例如，在第5.4节中解释的网络中），必须特别注意上层的流量管理。从众共享的角度来看，考虑到关键共享时间内的常规TCP连接，提供服务的接入点可能是连接的瓶颈。
This is the main concern of sharers, having several implications. In some cases, an adequate Active Queue Management (AQM) mechanism that implements a Less-than-Best-Effort (LBE) [RFC6297] policy for the user is used to protect the sharer. Achieving LBE behavior requires the appropriate tuning of well-known mechanisms such as Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) [RFC3168], Random Early Detection (RED) [RFC7567], or other more recent AQM mechanisms that aid low latency such as Controlled Delay (CoDel) [CoDel] and Proportional Integral controller Enhanced (PIE) [PIE] design.
这是分享者的主要关注点，有几个含义。在某些情况下，可以使用一种适当的主动队列管理（AQM）机制来保护共享者，该机制为用户实现了一种不尽力而为（LBE）[RFC6297]策略。实现LBE行为需要适当调整众所周知的机制，如显式拥塞通知（ECN）[RFC3168]、随机早期检测（RED）[RFC7567]或其他较新的AQM机制，这些机制有助于降低延迟，如受控延迟（CoDel）[CoDel]和比例积分控制器增强（PIE）[PIE]设计。
This section provides an overview of the services provided by the network. Many Alternative Networks can be considered Autonomous Systems, being (or aspiring to be) a part of the Internet.
本节概述了网络提供的服务。许多备选网络可以被视为自治系统，是（或渴望成为）互联网的一部分。
The services provided can include, but are not limited to:
提供的服务包括但不限于：
o Web browsing.
o 网络浏览。
o Email.
o 电子邮件
o Remote desktop (e.g., using my home computer and my Internet connection when I am away).
o 远程桌面（例如，当我不在时，使用我的家庭电脑和互联网连接）。
o FTP file sharing (e.g., distribution of software and media).
o FTP文件共享（例如，软件和媒体的分发）。
o VoIP (e.g., with SIP).
o VoIP（例如，使用SIP）。
o Peer-to-Peer (P2P) file sharing.
o Peer-to-Peer (P2P) file sharing.translate error, please retry
o Public video cameras.
o 公共摄像机。
o DNS.
o DNS。
o Online game servers.
o 在线游戏服务器。
o Jabber instant messaging.
o 喋喋不休的即时通讯。
o Weather stations.
o 气象站。
o Network monitoring.
o 网络监控。
o Videoconferencing/streaming.
o 视频会议/流媒体。
o Radio streaming.
o 广播流媒体。
o Message/bulletin board.
o 留言板/公告板。
o Local cloud storage services.
o 本地云存储服务。
Due to bandwidth limitations, some services (file sharing, VoIP, etc.) may not be allowed in some Alternative Networks. In some of these cases, a number of federated proxies provide web-browsing service for the users.
由于带宽限制，某些替代网络中可能不允许使用某些服务（文件共享、VoIP等）。在某些情况下，许多联邦代理为用户提供web浏览服务。
Some specialized services have been specifically developed for Alternative Networks:
为替代网络专门开发了一些专门服务：
o Inter-network peering/VPNs (e.g., https://wiki.freifunk.net/IC-VPN).
o 网络间对等/VPN（例如：。，https://wiki.freifunk.net/IC-VPN).
o Community-oriented portals (e.g., http://tidepools.co/).
o 面向社区的门户（例如。，http://tidepools.co/).
o Network monitoring/deployment/maintenance platforms.
o 网络监控/部署/维护平台。
o VoIP sharing between networks, allowing cheap calls between countries.
o 网络间的VoIP共享，允许国家间的廉价通话。
o Sensor networks and citizen science built by adding sensors to devices.
o 传感器网络和公民科学通过将传感器添加到设备中而建立。
o Community radio/TV stations.
o 社区电台/电视台。
Other services (e.g., local wikis as used in community portals; see https://localwiki.org) can also provide useful information when supplied through an Alternative Network, although they were not specifically created for them.
其他服务（例如，社区门户中使用的本地Wiki；请参阅https://localwiki.org)当通过替代网络提供时，也可以提供有用的信息，尽管它们不是专门为它们创建的。
Some "micro-ISPs" may use the network as a backhaul for providing Internet access, setting up VPNs from the client to a machine with Internet access.
一些“微型ISP”可能将网络用作提供互联网接入的回程，将VPN从客户端设置到具有互联网接入能力的机器。
Many Community Networks also use VPNs to connect multiple disjoint parts of their networks together. In some others, every node establishes a VPN tunnel as well.
许多社区网络还使用VPN将其网络的多个不相交部分连接在一起。在另一些情况下，每个节点也建立一个VPN隧道。
Other facilities, such as NTP or Internet Relay Chat (IRC) servers may also be present in Alternative Networks.
其他设施，如NTP或Internet中继聊天（IRC）服务器也可能存在于替代网络中。
No security issues have been identified for this document.
本文件未发现任何安全问题。
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Acknowledgements
致谢
This work has been partially funded by the CONFINE European Commission project (FP7 - 288535). Arjuna Sathiaseelan and Andres Arcia Moret were funded by the EU H2020 RIFE project (Grant Agreement no: 644663). Jose Saldana was funded by the EU H2020 Wi-5 project (Grant Agreement no: 644262).
这项工作的一部分资金来自欧洲委员会有限公司项目（FP7-288535）。Arjuna Sathiaseelan和Andres Arcia Moret由欧盟H2020 RIFE项目资助（批准协议号：644663）。Jose Saldana由欧盟H2020 Wi-5项目资助（批准协议编号：644262）。
The editor and the authors of this document wish to thank the following individuals who have participated in the drafting, review, and discussion of this memo: Panayotis Antoniadis, Paul M. Aoki, Roger Baig, Jaume Barcelo, Steven G. Huter, Aldebaro Klautau, Rohan Mahy, Vesna Manojlovic, Mitar Milutinovic, Henning Schulzrinne, Rute Sofia, and Dirk Trossen.
本文件的编辑和作者感谢以下参与本备忘录起草、审查和讨论的个人：Panayotis Antoniadis、Paul M.Aoki、Roger Baig、Jaume Barcelo、Steven G.Huter、Aldebaro Klautau、Rohan Mahy、Vesna Manojlovic、Mitar Milutinovic、Henning Schulzrinne、Rute Sofia、，还有德克·特罗森。
A special thanks to the GAIA Working Group chairs Mat Ford and Arjuna Sathiaseelan for their support and guidance.
特别感谢盖亚工作组主席Mat Ford和Arjuna Sathiaseelan的支持和指导。
Contributors
贡献者
Leandro Navarro U. Politecnica Catalunya Jordi Girona, 1-3, D6 Barcelona 08034 Spain
利安德罗·纳瓦罗加泰罗尼亚加泰罗尼亚乔迪·吉罗纳，1-3，D6巴塞罗那08034西班牙
Phone: +34 93 401 6807
Email: leandro@ac.upc.edu
Phone: +34 93 401 6807
Email: leandro@ac.upc.edu
Carlos Rey-Moreno University of the Western Cape Robert Sobukwe road Bellville 7535 South Africa
卡洛斯雷伊莫雷诺大学西开普Robert Sobukwe路Bellville南非7535
Phone: +27 (0)21 959 2562
Email: crey-moreno@uwc.ac.za
Phone: +27 (0)21 959 2562
Email: crey-moreno@uwc.ac.za
Ioannis Komnios Democritus University of Thrace Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Kimmeria University Campus Xanthi 67100 Greece
塞萨斯德谟克里特大学电气与计算机工程系Kimimia大学希腊XANTI 67100分校
Phone: +306945406585
Email: ikomnios@ee.duth.gr
Phone: +306945406585
Email: ikomnios@ee.duth.gr
Steve Song Network Startup Resource Center Lunenburg, Nova Scotia Canada
Steve Song网络创业资源中心，加拿大新斯科舍省卢嫩堡
Phone: +1 902 529 0046
Email: stevesong@nsrc.org
Phone: +1 902 529 0046
Email: stevesong@nsrc.org
David Lloyd Johnson Meraka, CSIR 15 Lower Hope St Rosebank 7700 South Africa
David Lloyd Johnson Meraka，CSIR 15 Lower Hope St Rosebank 7700南非
Phone: +27 (0)21 658 2740
Email: djohnson@csir.co.za
Phone: +27 (0)21 658 2740
Email: djohnson@csir.co.za
Javier Simo-Reigadas Escuela Tecnica Superior de Ingenieria de Telecomunicacion Campus de Fuenlabrada Universidad Rey Juan Carlos Madrid Spain
哈维尔·西莫·雷加达斯·埃斯奎拉·特科尼卡高等电信技术学院西班牙马德里雷伊胡安·卡洛斯大学福恩拉布拉达校区
Phone: +34 91 488 8428
Fax: +34 91 488 7500
Email: javier.simo@urjc.es
Phone: +34 91 488 8428
Fax: +34 91 488 7500
Email: javier.simo@urjc.es
Authors' Addresses
作者地址
Jose Saldana (editor) University of Zaragoza Dpt. IEC Ada Byron Building Zaragoza 50018 Spain
Jose Saldana（编辑）热拉哥萨大学DPT。IEC Ada拜伦大厦萨拉戈萨50018西班牙
Phone: +34 976 762 698
Email: jsaldana@unizar.es
Phone: +34 976 762 698
Email: jsaldana@unizar.es
Andres Arcia-Moret University of Cambridge 15 JJ Thomson Avenue Cambridge FE04 United Kingdom
安德烈斯阿西亚莫雷剑桥大学15 JJ汤姆逊大道剑桥FE04联合王国
Phone: +44 (0) 1223 763610
Email: andres.arcia@cl.cam.ac.uk
Phone: +44 (0) 1223 763610
Email: andres.arcia@cl.cam.ac.uk
Bart Braem iMinds Gaston Crommenlaan 8 (bus 102) Gent 9050 Belgium
Bart Braem iMinds Gaston Crommenlaan 8（巴士102）Gent 9050比利时
Phone: +32 3 265 38 64
Email: bart.braem@iminds.be
Phone: +32 3 265 38 64
Email: bart.braem@iminds.be
Ermanno Pietrosemoli The Abdus Salam ICTP Via Beirut 7 Trieste 34151 Italy
Ermanno Pietrosemoli Abdus Salam ICTP途经贝鲁特7的里雅斯特34151意大利
Phone: +39 040 2240 471
Email: ermanno@ictp.it
Phone: +39 040 2240 471
Email: ermanno@ictp.it
Arjuna Sathiaseelan University of Cambridge 15 JJ Thomson Avenue Cambridge CB30FD United Kingdom
阿朱那Sathaseela剑桥大学剑桥大学15 JJ汤姆逊大道剑桥CB30FD英国
Phone: +44 (0)1223 763781
Email: arjuna.sathiaseelan@cl.cam.ac.uk
Phone: +44 (0)1223 763781
Email: arjuna.sathiaseelan@cl.cam.ac.uk
Marco Zennaro The Abdus Salam ICTP Strada Costiera 11 Trieste 34100 Italy
Marco Zennaro Abdus Salam ICTP Strada Costiera 11 Trieste 34100意大利
Phone: +39 040 2240 406
Email: mzennaro@ictp.it
Phone: +39 040 2240 406
Email: mzennaro@ictp.it