Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Q. Dang
Request for Comments: 5758 NIST
Updates: 3279 S. Santesson
Category: Standards Track 3xA Security
ISSN: 2070-1721 K. Moriarty
EMC
D. Brown
Certicom Corp.
T. Polk
NIST
January 2010
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Q. Dang
Request for Comments: 5758 NIST
Updates: 3279 S. Santesson
Category: Standards Track 3xA Security
ISSN: 2070-1721 K. Moriarty
EMC
D. Brown
Certicom Corp.
T. Polk
NIST
January 2010
Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure: Additional Algorithms and Identifiers for DSA and ECDSA
Internet X.509公钥基础设施：DSA和ECDSA的附加算法和标识符
Abstract
摘要
This document updates RFC 3279 to specify algorithm identifiers and ASN.1 encoding rules for the Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA) and Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) digital signatures when using SHA-224, SHA-256, SHA-384, or SHA-512 as the hashing algorithm. This specification applies to the Internet X.509 Public Key infrastructure (PKI) when digital signatures are used to sign certificates and certificate revocation lists (CRLs). This document also identifies all four SHA2 hash algorithms for use in the Internet X.509 PKI.
当使用SHA-224、SHA-256、SHA-384或SHA-512作为哈希算法时，本文档更新RFC 3279，以指定数字签名算法（DSA）和椭圆曲线数字签名算法（ECDSA）数字签名的算法标识符和ASN.1编码规则。当使用数字签名对证书和证书撤销列表（CRL）进行签名时，本规范适用于Internet X.509公钥基础设施（PKI）。本文档还确定了在Internet X.509 PKI中使用的所有四种SHA2哈希算法。
Status of This Memo
关于下段备忘
This is an Internet Standards Track document.
这是一份互联网标准跟踪文件。
This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has received public review and has been approved for publication by the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 5741.
本文件是互联网工程任务组（IETF）的产品。它代表了IETF社区的共识。它已经接受了公众审查，并已被互联网工程指导小组（IESG）批准出版。有关互联网标准的更多信息，请参见RFC 5741第2节。
Information about the current status of this document, any errata, and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5758.
有关本文件当前状态、任何勘误表以及如何提供反馈的信息，请访问http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5758.
Copyright Notice
版权公告
Copyright (c) 2010 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved.
版权所有（c）2010 IETF信托基金和确定为文件作者的人员。版权所有。
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License.
本文件受BCP 78和IETF信托有关IETF文件的法律规定的约束(http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info)自本文件出版之日起生效。请仔细阅读这些文件，因为它们描述了您对本文件的权利和限制。从本文件中提取的代码组件必须包括信托法律条款第4.e节中所述的简化BSD许可证文本，并提供简化BSD许可证中所述的无担保。
Table of Contents
目录
1. Introduction ....................................................2
2. Hash Functions ..................................................3
3. Signature Algorithms ............................................3
3.1. DSA Signature Algorithm ....................................4
3.2. ECDSA Signature Algorithm ..................................4
4. ASN.1 Module ....................................................5
5. Security Considerations .........................................6
6. References ......................................................6
6.1. Normative References .......................................6
6.2. Informative References .....................................7
7. Acknowledgements ................................................7
1. Introduction ....................................................2
2. Hash Functions ..................................................3
3. Signature Algorithms ............................................3
3.1. DSA Signature Algorithm ....................................4
3.2. ECDSA Signature Algorithm ..................................4
4. ASN.1 Module ....................................................5
5. Security Considerations .........................................6
6. References ......................................................6
6.1. Normative References .......................................6
6.2. Informative References .....................................7
7. Acknowledgements ................................................7
This specification defines the contents of the signatureAlgorithm, signatureValue, and signature fields within Internet X.509 certificates and CRLs when these objects are signed using DSA or ECDSA with a SHA2 hash algorithm. These fields are more fully described in RFC 5280 [RFC5280]. This document also identifies all four SHA2 hash algorithms for use in the Internet X.509 PKI.
当使用DSA或ECDSA以及SHA2哈希算法对这些对象进行签名时，本规范定义了Internet X.509证书和CRL中signatureAlgorithm、signatureValue和signature字段的内容。这些字段在RFC 5280[RFC5280]中有更全面的描述。本文档还确定了在Internet X.509 PKI中使用的所有四种SHA2哈希算法。
This document profiles material presented in the "Secure Hash Standard" [FIPS180-3], "Public Key Cryptography for the Financial Services Industry: The Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Standard (ECDSA)" [X9.62], and the "Digital Signature Standard" [FIPS186-3].
本文件概述了“安全散列标准”[FIPS180-3]、“金融服务业公钥加密：椭圆曲线数字签名标准（ECDSA）”[X9.62]和“数字签名标准”[FIPS186-3]中的内容。
This document updates RFC 3279 [RFC3279] Sections 2.1, 2.2.2, and 2.2.3. Note that RFC 5480 [RFC5480] updates Sections 2.3.5, 3 (ASN.1 Module), and 5 (Security Considerations) of RFC 3279.
本文件更新了RFC 3279[RFC3279]第2.1、2.2.2和2.2.3节。注意，RFC 5480[RFC5480]更新了RFC 3279的第2.3.5、3节（ASN.1模块）和第5节（安全注意事项）。
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
本文件中的关键词“必须”、“不得”、“必需”、“应”、“不应”、“应”、“不应”、“建议”、“可”和“可选”应按照[RFC2119]中所述进行解释。
This section identifies four additional hash algorithms for use with DSA and ECDSA in the Internet X.509 certificate and CRL profile [RFC5280]. SHA-224, SHA-256, SHA-384, and SHA-512 produce a 224-bit, 256-bit, 384-bit, and 512-bit "hash" of the input, respectively, and are fully described in the "Secure Hash Standard" [FIPS180-3].
本节确定了四种附加哈希算法，用于Internet X.509证书和CRL配置文件[RFC5280]中的DSA和ECDSA。SHA-224、SHA-256、SHA-384和SHA-512分别生成输入的224位、256位、384位和512位“散列”，并在“安全散列标准”[FIPS180-3]中进行了详细描述。
The listed one-way hash functions are identified by the following object identifiers (OIDs):
列出的单向散列函数由以下对象标识符（OID）标识：
id-sha224 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { joint-iso-itu-t(2)
country(16) us(840) organization(1) gov(101) csor(3)
nistalgorithm(4) hashalgs(2) 4 }
id-sha224 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { joint-iso-itu-t(2)
country(16) us(840) organization(1) gov(101) csor(3)
nistalgorithm(4) hashalgs(2) 4 }
id-sha256 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { joint-iso-itu-t(2)
country(16) us(840) organization(1) gov(101) csor(3)
nistalgorithm(4) hashalgs(2) 1 }
id-sha256 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { joint-iso-itu-t(2)
country(16) us(840) organization(1) gov(101) csor(3)
nistalgorithm(4) hashalgs(2) 1 }
id-sha384 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { joint-iso-itu-t(2)
country(16) us(840) organization(1) gov(101) csor(3)
nistalgorithm(4) hashalgs(2) 2 }
id-sha384 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { joint-iso-itu-t(2)
country(16) us(840) organization(1) gov(101) csor(3)
nistalgorithm(4) hashalgs(2) 2 }
id-sha512 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { joint-iso-itu-t(2)
country(16) us(840) organization(1) gov(101) csor(3)
nistalgorithm(4) hashalgs(2) 3 }
id-sha512 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { joint-iso-itu-t(2)
country(16) us(840) organization(1) gov(101) csor(3)
nistalgorithm(4) hashalgs(2) 3 }
When one of these OIDs appears in an AlgorithmIdentifier, all implementations MUST accept both NULL and absent parameters as legal and equivalent encodings.
当其中一个OID出现在算法标识符中时，所有实现都必须接受NULL和缺席参数作为合法和等效编码。
Conforming certification authority (CA) implementations SHOULD use SHA-224, SHA-256, SHA-384, or SHA-512 when generating certificates or CRLs, but MAY use SHA-1 if they have a stated policy that requires the use of this weaker algorithm.
一致性证书颁发机构（CA）实现在生成证书或CRL时应使用SHA-224、SHA-256、SHA-384或SHA-512，但如果它们有规定的策略要求使用此算法，则可以使用SHA-1。
This section identifies OIDs for DSA with SHA-224 and SHA-256 as well as ECDSA with SHA-224, SHA-256, SHA-384, and SHA-512. The contents of the parameters component for each signature algorithm vary; details are provided for each algorithm.
本节确定了具有SHA-224和SHA-256的DSA以及具有SHA-224、SHA-256、SHA-384和SHA-512的ECDSA的OID。每个签名算法的参数组件的内容不同；每个算法都提供了详细信息。
The DSA is defined in the Digital Signature Standard (DSS) [FIPS186-3]. DSA was developed by the U.S. Government, and can be used in conjunction with a SHA2 hash function such as SHA-224 or SHA-256. DSA is fully described in [FIPS186-3].
DSA在数字签名标准（DSS）[FIPS186-3]中定义。DSA由美国政府开发，可与SHA-224或SHA-256等SHA2哈希函数结合使用。DSA在[FIPS186-3]中有详细描述。
When SHA-224 is used, the OID is:
使用SHA-224时，OID为：
id-dsa-with-sha224 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { joint-iso-ccitt(2)
country(16) us(840) organization(1) gov(101) csor(3)
algorithms(4) id-dsa-with-sha2(3) 1 }.
id-dsa-with-sha224 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { joint-iso-ccitt(2)
country(16) us(840) organization(1) gov(101) csor(3)
algorithms(4) id-dsa-with-sha2(3) 1 }.
When SHA-256 is used, the OID is:
使用SHA-256时，OID为：
id-dsa-with-sha256 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { joint-iso-ccitt(2)
country(16) us(840) organization(1) gov(101) csor(3)
algorithms(4) id-dsa-with-sha2(3) 2 }.
id-dsa-with-sha256 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { joint-iso-ccitt(2)
country(16) us(840) organization(1) gov(101) csor(3)
algorithms(4) id-dsa-with-sha2(3) 2 }.
When the id-dsa-with-sha224 or id-dsa-with-sha256 algorithm identifier appears in the algorithm field as an AlgorithmIdentifier, the encoding SHALL omit the parameters field. That is, the AlgorithmIdentifier SHALL be a SEQUENCE of one component, the OID id-dsa-with-sha224 or id-dsa-with-sha256.
当id-dsa-with-sha224或id-dsa-with-sha256算法标识符作为算法标识符出现在算法字段中时，编码应忽略参数字段。也就是说，算法标识符应该是一个组件的序列，OID id-dsa-with-sha224或id-dsa-with-sha256。
Encoding rules for DSA signature values are specified in [RFC3279].
[RFC3279]中指定了DSA签名值的编码规则。
Conforming CA implementations that generate DSA signatures for certificates or CRLs MUST generate such DSA signatures in accordance with all the requirements in Sections 4.1, 4.5, and 4.6 of [FIPS186-3].
为证书或CRL生成DSA签名的合格CA实施必须根据[FIPS186-3]第4.1、4.5和4.6节中的所有要求生成此类DSA签名。
Conforming CA implementations that generate DSA signatures for certificates or CRLs MAY generate such DSA signatures in accordance with all the requirements and recommendations in [FIPS186-3], if they have a stated policy that requires conformance to [FIPS186-3].
为证书或CRL生成DSA签名的符合性CA实施可根据[FIPS186-3]中的所有要求和建议生成此类DSA签名，前提是它们具有要求符合[FIPS186-3]的规定政策。
The Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) is defined in "Public Key Cryptography for the Financial Services Industry: The Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Standard (ECDSA)" [X9.62]. The ASN.1 OIDs used to specify that an ECDSA signature was generated using SHA-224, SHA-256, SHA-384, or SHA-512 are, respectively:
椭圆曲线数字签名算法（ECDSA）的定义见“金融服务业的公钥加密：椭圆曲线数字签名标准（ECDSA）”[X9.62]。用于指定使用SHA-224、SHA-256、SHA-384或SHA-512生成ECDSA签名的ASN.1 OID分别为：
ecdsa-with-SHA224 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { iso(1) member-body(2)
us(840) ansi-X9-62(10045) signatures(4) ecdsa-with-SHA2(3) 1 }
ecdsa-with-SHA224 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { iso(1) member-body(2)
us(840) ansi-X9-62(10045) signatures(4) ecdsa-with-SHA2(3) 1 }
ecdsa-with-SHA256 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { iso(1) member-body(2)
us(840) ansi-X9-62(10045) signatures(4) ecdsa-with-SHA2(3) 2 }
ecdsa-with-SHA256 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { iso(1) member-body(2)
us(840) ansi-X9-62(10045) signatures(4) ecdsa-with-SHA2(3) 2 }
ecdsa-with-SHA384 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { iso(1) member-body(2)
us(840) ansi-X9-62(10045) signatures(4) ecdsa-with-SHA2(3) 3 }
ecdsa-with-SHA384 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { iso(1) member-body(2)
us(840) ansi-X9-62(10045) signatures(4) ecdsa-with-SHA2(3) 3 }
ecdsa-with-SHA512 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { iso(1) member-body(2)
us(840) ansi-X9-62(10045) signatures(4) ecdsa-with-SHA2(3) 4 }
ecdsa-with-SHA512 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { iso(1) member-body(2)
us(840) ansi-X9-62(10045) signatures(4) ecdsa-with-SHA2(3) 4 }
When the ecdsa-with-SHA224, ecdsa-with-SHA256, ecdsa-with-SHA384, or ecdsa-with-SHA512 algorithm identifier appears in the algorithm field as an AlgorithmIdentifier, the encoding MUST omit the parameters field. That is, the AlgorithmIdentifier SHALL be a SEQUENCE of one component, the OID ecdsa-with-SHA224, ecdsa-with-SHA256, ecdsa-with-SHA384, or ecdsa-with-SHA512.
当ecdsa-with-SHA224、ecdsa-with-SHA256、ecdsa-with-SHA384或ecdsa-with-SHA512算法标识符作为算法标识符出现在算法字段中时，编码必须忽略参数字段。也就是说，算法标识符应该是一个组件的序列，OID ecdsa-with-SHA224、ecdsa-with-SHA256、ecdsa-with-SHA384或ecdsa-with-SHA512。
Conforming CA implementations MUST specify the hash algorithm explicitly using the OIDs specified above when encoding ECDSA/SHA2 signatures in certificates and CRLs.
在证书和CRL中编码ECDSA/SHA2签名时，一致性CA实现必须使用上面指定的OID明确指定哈希算法。
Conforming client implementations that process ECDSA signatures with any of the SHA2 hash algorithms when processing certificates and CRLs MUST recognize the corresponding OIDs specified above.
在处理证书和CRL时，使用任何SHA2哈希算法处理ECDSA签名的一致性客户端实现必须识别上面指定的相应OID。
Encoding rules for ECDSA signature values are specified in RFC 3279 [RFC3279], Section 2.2.3, and RFC 5480 [RFC5480].
ECDSA签名值的编码规则在RFC 3279[RFC3279]，第2.2.3节和RFC 5480[RFC5480]中有规定。
Conforming CA implementations that generate ECDSA signatures in certificates or CRLs MUST generate such ECDSA signatures in accordance with all the requirements specified in Sections 7.2 and 7.3 of [X9.62] or with all the requirements specified in Section 4.1.3 of [SEC1].
在证书或CRL中生成ECDSA签名的合格CA实施必须根据[X9.62]第7.2节和第7.3节规定的所有要求或[SEC1]第4.1.3节规定的所有要求生成此类ECDSA签名。
Conforming CA implementations that ECDSA signatures in certificates or CRLs MAY generate such ECDSA signatures in accordance with all the requirements and recommendations in [X9.62] or [SEC1] if they have a stated policy that requires conformance to [X9.62] or [SEC1].
符合CA实施要求的证书或CRL中的ECDSA签名可根据[X9.62]或[SEC1]中的所有要求和建议生成此类ECDSA签名，前提是这些证书或CRL中的ECDSA签名具有要求符合[X9.62]或[SEC1]的规定政策。
The OIDs of the SHA2 hash algorithms are in the RFC 4055 [RFC4055] ASN.1 module and the OIDs for DSA with SHA-224 and SHA-256 as well as ECDSA with SHA-224, SHA-256, SHA-384, and SHA-512 are defined in the RFC 5480 [RFC5480] ASN.1 module.
SHA2散列算法的OID在RFC 4055[RFC4055]ASN.1模块中，带有SHA-224和SHA-256的DSA以及带有SHA-224、SHA-256、SHA-384和SHA-512的ECDSA的OID在RFC 5480[RFC5480]ASN.1模块中定义。
NIST has defined appropriate use of the hash functions in terms of the algorithm strengths and expected time frames for secure use in Special Publications (SPs) 800-78-1 [SP800-78-1], 800-57 [SP800-57], and 800-107 [SP800-107]. These documents can be used as guides to choose appropriate key sizes for various security scenarios.
NIST已在特殊出版物（SPs）800-78-1[SP800-78-1]、800-57[SP800-57]和800-107[SP800-107]中，根据算法强度和安全使用的预期时间框架，定义了哈希函数的适当使用。这些文档可以作为指南，为各种安全场景选择适当的密钥大小。
ANSI also provides security considerations for ECDSA in [X9.62]. These security considerations may be used as a guide.
ANSI还在[X9.62]中提供了ECDSA的安全注意事项。这些安全注意事项可用作指南。
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[RFC2119]Bradner，S.，“RFC中用于表示需求水平的关键词”，BCP 14，RFC 2119，1997年3月。
[RFC3279] Bassham, L., Polk, W., and R. Housley, "Algorithms and Identifiers for the Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List (CRL) Profile", RFC 3279, April 2002.
[RFC3279]Bassham，L.，Polk，W.，和R.Housley，“互联网X.509公钥基础设施证书和证书撤销列表（CRL）配置文件的算法和标识符”，RFC 3279，2002年4月。
[RFC4055] Schaad, J., Kaliski, B., and R. Housley, "Additional Algorithms and Identifiers for RSA Cryptography for use in the Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List (CRL) Profile", RFC 4055, June 2005.
[RFC4055]Schaad，J.，Kaliski，B.，和R.Housley，“Internet X.509公钥基础设施证书和证书撤销列表（CRL）配置文件中使用的RSA加密的其他算法和标识符”，RFC 4055，2005年6月。
[RFC5480] Turner, S., Brown, D., Yiu, K., Housley, R., and T. Polk, "Elliptic Curve Cryptography Subject Public Key Information", RFC 5480, March 2009.
[RFC5480]Turner，S.，Brown，D.，Yiu，K.，Housley，R.，和T.Polk，“椭圆曲线加密主题公钥信息”，RFC 54802009年3月。
[RFC5280] Cooper, D., Santesson, S., Farrell, S., Boeyen, S., Housley, R., and W. Polk, "Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List (CRL) Profile", RFC 5280, May 2008.
[RFC5280]Cooper，D.，Santesson，S.，Farrell，S.，Boeyen，S.，Housley，R.，和W.Polk，“Internet X.509公钥基础设施证书和证书撤销列表（CRL）配置文件”，RFC 52802008年5月。
[FIPS180-3] Federal Information Processing Standards Publication (FIPS PUB) 180-3, Secure Hash Standard (SHS), October 2008.
[FIPS180-3]联邦信息处理标准出版物（FIPS PUB）180-3，安全哈希标准（SHS），2008年10月。
[FIPS186-3] Federal Information Processing Standards Publication (FIPS PUB) 186-3, Digital Signature Standard (DSS), June 2009.
[FIPS186-3]联邦信息处理标准出版物（FIPS PUB）186-3，数字签名标准（DSS），2009年6月。
[SEC1] Standards for Efficient Cryptography Group (SECG), SEC 1: Elliptic Curve Cryptography, Version 2.0, 2009.
[SEC1]高效密码组（SECG）标准，第1节：椭圆曲线密码术，版本2.02009。
[X9.62] X9.62-2005, "Public Key Cryptography for the Financial Services Industry: The Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Standard (ECDSA)", November, 2005.
[X9.62]X9.62-2005，“金融服务业的公钥加密：椭圆曲线数字签名标准（ECDSA）”，2005年11月。
[SP800-107] Quynh Dang, NIST, "Recommendation for Applications Using Approved Hash Algorithms", February 2009.
[SP800-107]Quynh Dang，NIST，“使用经批准哈希算法的应用建议”，2009年2月。
[SP800-78-1] W. Timothy Polk, Donna, F. Dodson, William E. Burr, NIST, "Cryptographic Standards and Key Sizes for Personal Identity Verification", August 2007.
[SP800-78-1]W.Timothy Polk，Donna，F.Dodson，William E.Burr，NIST，“个人身份验证的密码标准和密钥大小”，2007年8月。
[SP800-57] Elaine Barker, William Barker, William E. Burr, NIST, "Recommendation for Key Management", August 2005.
[SP800-57]Elaine Barker，William Barker，William E.Burr，NIST，“关键管理建议”，2005年8月。
The authors of this document would like to acknowledge great inputs for this document from Alfred Hoenes, Sean Turner, Katrin Hoeper, and many others from IETF community. The authors also appreciate many great revision suggestions from Russ Housley and Paul Hoffman.
本文件的作者要感谢Alfred Hoenes、Sean Turner、Katrin Hoeper和IETF社区的许多其他人为本文件提供的大量投入。作者也很欣赏Russ Housley和Paul Hoffman提出的许多伟大的修改建议。
Authors' Addresses
作者地址
Quynh Dang NIST 100 Bureau Drive, Stop 8930 Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8930 USA
美国马里兰州盖瑟斯堡站8930号奎恩当NIST局大道100号，邮编：20899-8930
EMail: quynh.dang@nist.gov
EMail: quynh.dang@nist.gov
Stefan Santesson 3xA Security (AAA-sec.com) Bjornstorp 744 247 98 Genarp Sweden
Stefan Santesson 3xA Security（AAA sec.com）Bjornstorp 744 247 98 Genarp瑞典
EMail: sts@aaa-sec.com
EMail: sts@aaa-sec.com
Kathleen M. Moriarty RSA, The Security Division of EMC 174 Middlesex Turnpike Bedford, MA 01730 USA
Kathleen M.Moriarty RSA，EMC 174 Middlesex Turnpike Bedford的安全部门，马萨诸塞州01730
EMail: Moriarty_Kathleen@emc.com
EMail: Moriarty_Kathleen@emc.com
Daniel R. L. Brown Certicom Corp. 5520 Explorer Drive Mississaug, ON L4W 5L1 USA
Daniel R.L.Brown Certicom公司，美国密西西比州探险家大道5520号，位于L4W 5L1
EMail: dbrown@certicom.com
EMail: dbrown@certicom.com
Tim Polk NIST 100 Bureau Drive, Stop 8930 Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8930 USA
美国马里兰州盖瑟斯堡市局路100号，邮编：8930，邮编：20899-8930
EMail: tim.polk@nist.gov
EMail: tim.polk@nist.gov