Network Working Group S. Floyd
Request for Comments: 5290 M. Allman
Category: Informational ICSI
July 2008
Network Working Group S. Floyd
Request for Comments: 5290 M. Allman
Category: Informational ICSI
July 2008
Comments on the Usefulness of Simple Best-Effort Traffic
关于简单尽力而为流量有用性的评论
Status of This Memo
关于下段备忘
This memo provides information for the Internet community. It does not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
本备忘录为互联网社区提供信息。它没有规定任何类型的互联网标准。本备忘录的分发不受限制。
IESG Note
IESG注释
The content of this RFC was at one time considered by the IETF, and therefore it may resemble a current IETF work in progress or a published IETF work.
IETF曾考虑过本RFC的内容，因此它可能类似于当前正在进行的IETF工作或已发布的IETF工作。
This RFC is not a candidate for any level of Internet Standard. The IETF disclaims any knowledge of the fitness of this RFC for any purpose and notes that the decision to publish is not based on IETF review apart from IESG review for conflict with IETF work. The RFC Editor has chosen to publish this document at its discretion. See RFC 3932 for more information.
本RFC不适用于任何级别的互联网标准。IETF不承认任何关于本RFC适用于任何目的的知识，并指出，除了IESG审查与IETF工作的冲突外，发布决定并非基于IETF审查。RFC编辑已自行决定发布本文件。有关更多信息，请参阅RFC 3932。
Abstract
摘要
This document presents some observations on "simple best-effort traffic", defined loosely for the purposes of this document as Internet traffic that is not covered by Quality of Service (QOS) mechanisms, congestion-based pricing, cost-based fairness, admissions control, or the like. One observation is that simple best-effort traffic serves a useful role in the Internet, and is worth keeping. While differential treatment of traffic can clearly be useful, we believe such mechanisms are useful as *adjuncts* to simple best-effort traffic, not as *replacements* of simple best-effort traffic. A second observation is that for simple best-effort traffic, some form of rough flow-rate fairness is a useful goal for resource allocation, where "flow-rate fairness" is defined by the goal of equal flow rates for different flows over the same path.
本文件提供了一些关于“简单尽力而为流量”的观察结果，为本文件的目的，将其定义为服务质量（QOS）机制、基于拥塞的定价、基于成本的公平性、准入控制等未涵盖的互联网流量。一个观察结果是，简单的尽力而为的流量在互联网上发挥着有用的作用，值得保留。虽然流量的差异化处理显然是有用的，但我们相信这些机制作为简单尽力而为流量的“附属品”是有用的，而不是作为简单尽力而为流量的“替代品”。第二个观察结果是，对于简单的尽力而为的流量，某种形式的粗略流量公平性是资源分配的有用目标，其中“流量公平性”由相同路径上不同流量的相等流量目标定义。
Table of Contents
目录
1. Introduction ....................................................2
2. On Simple Best-Effort Traffic ...................................3
2.1. The Usefulness of Simple Best-Effort Traffic ...............4
2.2. The Limitations of Simple Best-Effort Traffic ..............4
2.2.1. Quality of Service (QoS) ............................4
2.2.2. The Avoidance of Congestion Collapse and the
Enforcement of Fairness..............................6
2.2.3. Control of Traffic Surges ...........................6
3. On Flow-Rate Fairness for Simple Best-Effort Traffic ............6
3.1. The Usefulness of Flow-Rate Fairness .......................7
3.2. The Limitations of Flow-Rate Fairness ......................8
3.2.1. The Enforcement of Flow-Rate Fairness ...............8
3.2.2. The Precise Definition of Flow-Based Fairness .......9
4. On the Difficulties of Incremental Deployment ..................11
5. Related Work ...................................................12
5.1. From the IETF .............................................12
5.2. From Elsewhere ............................................13
6. Security Considerations ........................................14
7. Conclusions ....................................................14
8. Acknowledgements ...............................................14
9. Informative References .........................................14
1. Introduction ....................................................2
2. On Simple Best-Effort Traffic ...................................3
2.1. The Usefulness of Simple Best-Effort Traffic ...............4
2.2. The Limitations of Simple Best-Effort Traffic ..............4
2.2.1. Quality of Service (QoS) ............................4
2.2.2. The Avoidance of Congestion Collapse and the
Enforcement of Fairness..............................6
2.2.3. Control of Traffic Surges ...........................6
3. On Flow-Rate Fairness for Simple Best-Effort Traffic ............6
3.1. The Usefulness of Flow-Rate Fairness .......................7
3.2. The Limitations of Flow-Rate Fairness ......................8
3.2.1. The Enforcement of Flow-Rate Fairness ...............8
3.2.2. The Precise Definition of Flow-Based Fairness .......9
4. On the Difficulties of Incremental Deployment ..................11
5. Related Work ...................................................12
5.1. From the IETF .............................................12
5.2. From Elsewhere ............................................13
6. Security Considerations ........................................14
7. Conclusions ....................................................14
8. Acknowledgements ...............................................14
9. Informative References .........................................14
This document gives some observations on the role of simple best-effort traffic in the Internet. For the purposes of this document, we define "simple best-effort traffic" as traffic that does not *rely* on the *differential treatment* of flows either in routers or in policers, enforcers, or other middleboxes along the path and that does not use admissions control. We define the term "simple best-effort traffic" to avoid unproductive semantic discussions about what the phrase "best-effort traffic" does or does not include. We note that our definition of "simple best-effort traffic" includes traffic that is not necessarily "simple", including mechanisms common in the current Internet such as pairwise agreements between ISPs, volume-based pricing, firewalls, and a wide range of mechanisms in middleboxes.
本文档提供了一些关于简单尽力而为流量在Internet中的作用的观察结果。在本文档中，我们将“简单尽力而为流量”定义为不*依赖*路由器或警察、执法者或路径上其他中间盒中的流的*差别待遇*且不使用准入控制的流量。我们定义术语“简单尽力而为流量”是为了避免关于短语“尽力而为流量”包含或不包含哪些内容的非生产性语义讨论。我们注意到，我们对“简单尽力而为流量”的定义包括不一定“简单”的流量，包括当前互联网中常见的机制，如ISP之间的成对协议、基于容量的定价、防火墙以及中间包中的各种机制。
"Simple best-effort traffic" in the current Internet uses end-to-end transport protocols (e.g., TCP, UDP, or others), with minimal requirements of the network in terms of resource allocation. However, other implementations of simple best-effort service would be possible, including those that would rely on Fair Queueing or some other form of per-flow scheduling in congested routers. Our intention is to define "simple best-effort traffic" to include the dominant traffic class in the current Internet.
当前Internet中的“简单尽力而为流量”使用端到端传输协议（例如TCP、UDP或其他），在资源分配方面对网络的要求最低。然而，简单尽力而为服务的其他实现是可能的，包括那些依赖于公平排队或拥塞路由器中某种其他形式的每流调度的实现。我们的目的是定义“简单尽力而为的流量”，以包括当前互联网中的主要流量类别。
In contrast to "simple best-effort traffic", intserv- or diffserv-enabled traffic relies on differential scheduling mechanisms at congested routers, with packets from different intserv or diffserv classes receiving different treatment. Similarly, in contrast to "simple best-effort traffic", cost-based fairness [B07] would most likely require the deployment of traffic marking (e.g., Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN)) at congested routers, along with policing mechanisms near the two ends of the connection providing differential treatment for packets in different flows or in different traffic classes. Intserv/diffserv, cost-based fairness, and congestion-based pricing could also require more complex pairwise economic relationships among Internet Service Providers (ISPs), and between end-users and ISPs.
与“简单尽力而为流量”相反，支持intserv或diffserv的流量依赖于拥塞路由器上的差异调度机制，来自不同intserv或diffserv类的数据包接受不同的处理。类似地，与“简单尽力而为的流量”相反，基于成本的公平性[B07]很可能需要在拥塞的路由器上部署流量标记（例如，显式拥塞通知（ECN）），以及连接两端附近的监控机制，为不同流量或不同流量类别中的数据包提供差异处理。Intserv/diffserv、基于成本的公平性和基于拥塞的定价也可能需要互联网服务提供商（ISP）之间以及最终用户和ISP之间更复杂的成对经济关系。
This document suggests that it is important to retain the class of "simple best-effort traffic" (though hopefully augmented by a wider deployment of other classes of service). Further, this document suggests that some form of rough flow-rate fairness is an appropriate goal for simple best-effort traffic. We do not argue in this document that flow-rate fairness is the *only possible* or *only desirable* resource allocation goal for simple best-effort traffic. We maintain, however, that it is an appropriate resource allocation goal for simple best-effort traffic in the current Internet, evolving from the Internet's past of end-point congestion control.
本文档建议保留“简单的尽力而为的流量”类别是很重要的（尽管希望通过更广泛地部署其他类别的服务来增强）。此外，本文件建议，对于简单的尽力而为的流量，某种形式的粗略流量公平性是一个合适的目标。在本文档中，我们不认为流量公平性是简单尽力而为流量的*唯一可能*或*唯一可取*资源分配目标。然而，我们坚持认为，对于当前互联网上的简单尽力而为的流量来说，这是一个合适的资源分配目标，它是从互联网过去的端点拥塞控制演变而来的。
This document was motivated by [B07], a paper titled "Flow Rate Fairness: Dismantling a Religion" that asserts in the abstract that "comparing flow rates should never again be used for claims of fairness in production networks." This document does not attempt to be a rebuttal to [B07], or to answer any or all of the issues raised in [B07], or to give the "intellectual heritage" for flow-based fairness in philosophy or social science, or to commit the authors of this document to an extended dialogue with the author of [B07]. This document is simply a separate viewpoint on some related topics.
本文件的动机是[B07]，一篇题为“流量公平性：消除宗教信仰”的论文，该论文在摘要中宣称“不得再将流量比较用于生产网络中的公平性主张”。本文件不试图反驳[B07]，也不试图回答[B07]中提出的任何或所有问题，或者为哲学或社会科学中基于流的公平性提供“知识遗产”，或者让本文件的作者与[B07]的作者进行扩展对话。本文件只是一些相关主题的单独观点。
This section makes some observations on the usefulness and limitations of the class of simple best-effort traffic, in comparison with traffic receiving differential treatment.
本节通过与接受差别待遇的交通进行比较，对简单尽力而为交通类别的有用性和局限性进行了一些观察。
We now list some useful aspects of simple best-effort traffic.
现在，我们列出了一些简单尽力而为流量的有用方面。
Minimal technical demands on the network infrastructure:
对网络基础设施的最低技术要求：
Simple best-effort traffic, as implemented in the current Internet, makes minimal technical demands on the infrastructure. There are no technical requirements for scheduling, queue management, or enforcement mechanisms in routers.
在当前的互联网上实现的简单的尽力而为的流量，对基础设施的技术要求最低。路由器中的调度、队列管理或执行机制没有技术要求。
Minimal demands in terms of economic infrastructure:
经济基础设施方面的最低需求：
Simple best-effort traffic makes minimal demands in terms of economic infrastructure, relying on fairly simple pair-wise economic relationships among ISPs, and between a user and its immediate ISP. In contrast, Section 4 discusses some of the difficulties in the incremental deployment of infrastructure for additional classes of service.
简单的尽力而为流量在经济基础设施方面的需求最小，依赖于ISP之间以及用户与其直接ISP之间相当简单的成对经济关系。相比之下，第4节讨论了增量部署基础设施以提供额外服务类别的一些困难。
Usefulness in the real world:
在现实世界中的有用性：
Simple best-effort traffic has been shown to work in the Internet for the past 20 years, however imperfectly. Simple best-effort traffic has supported everything from simple file and e-mail transfer and web traffic to video and audio streaming and voice communications.
在过去的20年里，简单的尽力而为的流量在互联网上被证明是有效的，但并不完美。Simple best effort流量支持从简单的文件和电子邮件传输、web流量到视频和音频流以及语音通信的一切。
As discussed below, simple best-effort traffic is not optimal. However, experience in the Internet has shown that there has been significant value in the mechanism of simple best-effort traffic, generally allowing all users to get a portion of the resources while still preventing congestion collapse.
正如下面所讨论的，简单的尽力而为的流量不是最优的。然而，互联网的经验表明，简单尽力而为的流量机制具有重要价值，通常允许所有用户获得一部分资源，同时仍能防止拥塞崩溃。
We now discuss some limitations of simple best-effort traffic.
现在我们讨论一些简单尽力而为流量的限制。
Some users would be happy to pay for more bandwidth, less delay, less jitter, or fewer packet drops. It is desirable to accommodate such goals within the Internet architecture while preserving a sufficient amount of bandwidth for simple best-effort traffic.
一些用户会乐意支付更多的带宽、更少的延迟、更少的抖动或更少的丢包。理想的做法是在互联网体系结构中实现这些目标，同时为简单的尽力而为的通信量保留足够的带宽。
One of the obvious dangers of simple differential traffic treatment implementations that do not take steps to protect simple best-effort traffic would be that the users with more money *could* starve users
不采取措施保护简单尽力而为流量的简单差分流量处理实现的一个明显危险是，拥有更多资金的用户*可能*饿死用户
with less money in times of congestion. There seems to be fairly widespread agreement that this would not be a desirable goal. As a sample of the range of positions, the Internet Society's Internet 2020 Initiative, titled "The Internet is (still) for Everyone", states that "we remain committed to the openness that ensures equal access and full participation for every user" [Internet2020].
在交通拥挤的时候用更少的钱。似乎有相当广泛的共识认为这不是一个理想的目标。作为立场范围的一个样本，互联网协会的“互联网2020”倡议，题为“互联网（仍然）适合所有人”，声明“我们仍然致力于开放，确保每个用户平等访问和充分参与”[Internet2020]。
The wide-ranging discussion of "network neutrality" in the United States includes advocates of several positions, including that of "absolute non-discrimination" (with no QoS considerations), "limited discrimination without QoS tiering" (no fees charged for higher-quality service), and "limited discrimination and tiering" (including higher fees allowed for QoS) [NetNeutral]. The proponents of "network neutrality" are opposed to charging based on content (e.g., based on applications or the content provider).
在美国，对“网络中立性”的广泛讨论包括几个立场的倡导者，包括“绝对不歧视”（没有QoS考虑）、“没有QoS分层的有限歧视”（对更高质量的服务不收费）和“有限歧视和分层”（包括QoS允许的更高费用）[NetNeutral]。支持“网络中立”的人反对基于内容（例如，基于应用程序或内容提供商）收费。
As the "network neutrality" discussion makes clear, there are many voices in the discussion that would disagree with a resource allocation goal of maximizing the combined aggregate utility (advocated in [B07a]), particularly where a user's utility is measured by the user's willingness to pay. "You get what you pay for" ([B07], page 5) does not appear to be the consensus goal for resource allocation in the community or in the commercial or political realms of the Internet. However, there is a reasonable agreement that higher-priced services, as an adjunct to simple best-effort traffic, can play an important role in helping to finance the Internet infrastructure.
正如“网络中立性”的讨论所表明的那样，在讨论中有许多声音不同意最大化综合总效用的资源分配目标（在[B07a]中提出），特别是当用户的效用由用户的支付意愿来衡量时。“物有所值”（[B07]，第5页）似乎不是社区或互联网商业或政治领域资源分配的共识目标。然而，有一个合理的共识是，作为简单尽力而为流量的附属品，价格较高的服务可以在帮助互联网基础设施融资方面发挥重要作用。
Briscoe argues for cost-fairness [B07], so that senders are made accountable for the congestion they cause. There are, of course, differences of opinion about how well cost-based fairness could be enforced, and how well it fits the commercial reality of the Internet, with [B07] presenting an optimistic view. Another point of view, e.g., from an earlier paper by Roberts titled "Internet Traffic, QoS, and Pricing", is that "many proposed schemes are overly concerned with congestion control to the detriment of the primary pricing function of return on investment" [R04].
布里斯科主张成本公平[B07]，因此发送者要为他们造成的拥塞负责。当然，对于基于成本的公平性能够得到多好的实施，以及它与互联网商业现实的契合程度，存在着不同的意见[B07]提出了乐观的观点。另一种观点，例如，来自Roberts早期一篇题为“互联网流量、QoS和定价”的论文，即“许多拟议方案过度关注拥塞控制，损害了投资回报的主要定价功能”[R04]。
With *only* simple best-effort traffic, there would be fundamental limitations to the performance that real-time applications could deliver to users. In addition to the obvious needs for high bandwidth, low delay or jitter, or low packet drop rates, some applications would like a fast start-up, or to be able to resume their old high sending rate after a relatively long idle period, or to be able to rely on a call-setup procedure so that the application is not even started if network resources are not sufficient. There are severe limitations to how effectively these requirements can be accommodated by simple best-effort service in a congested
对于*仅*简单的尽力而为流量，实时应用程序向用户提供的性能将受到根本性的限制。除了对高带宽、低延迟或抖动或低丢包率的明显需求外，一些应用程序还希望快速启动，或者能够在相对较长的空闲时间后恢复原来的高发送速率，或者能够依靠呼叫设置过程，以便在网络资源不足时应用程序甚至不会启动。在拥挤的环境中，通过简单的尽力而为的服务来满足这些需求的有效性受到严重限制
environment. Of course, Quality of Service architectures for the Internet have their own limitations and difficulties, as discussed in [RFC2990] and elsewhere. We are not going to discuss these difficulties further here.
环境当然，互联网的服务质量体系结构有其自身的局限性和困难，如[RFC2990]和其他地方所述。我们不打算在这里进一步讨论这些困难。
2.2.2. The Avoidance of Congestion Collapse and the Enforcement of Fairness
2.2.2. 避免拥挤崩溃和实施公平
As discussed in Section 3.2 below, there are well-known problems with the enforcement of fairness and the avoidance of congestion collapse [RFC2914] with simple best-effort traffic. In the current Internet, end-to-end congestion control is relied upon to deal with these concerns; this use of end-to-end congestion control essentially requires cooperation from end-hosts.
如下文第3.2节所述，在实施公平性和避免拥塞崩溃[RFC2914]方面存在着众所周知的问题，这些问题都是通过简单的尽力而为的流量实现的。在当前的互联网中，端到端的拥塞控制是用来解决这些问题的；这种端到端拥塞控制的使用本质上需要端主机的合作。
Simple best-effort traffic can suffer from sudden aggregate congestion from traffic surges (e.g., Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks, flash crowds), resulting in degraded performance for all simple best-effort traffic sharing the path. A wide range of approaches for detecting and responding to sudden aggregate congestion in the network has been proposed and used, including deep packet inspection and rate-limiting traffic aggregates. There are many open questions about both the goals and mechanisms of dealing with aggregates within simple best-effort traffic on congested links.
简单尽力而为流量可能会因流量激增（例如，分布式拒绝服务（DDoS）攻击、闪电群）而突然出现聚合拥塞，从而导致共享路径的所有简单尽力而为流量的性能降低。已经提出并使用了一系列用于检测和响应网络中突发聚合拥塞的方法，包括深度分组检测和速率限制流量聚合。对于在拥挤链路上处理简单尽力而为流量中的聚合的目标和机制，存在许多开放性问题。
This section argues that rough flow-rate fairness is an acceptable goal for simple best-effort traffic. We do not, however, claim that flow-rate fairness is necessarily an *optimal* fairness goal or resource allocation mechanism for simple best-effort traffic. Simple best-effort traffic and flow-rate fairness are in general not about optimality, but instead are about a low-overhead service (best-effort traffic) along with a rough, simple fairness model (flow-rate fairness).
本节认为，对于简单的尽力而为的流量，粗流量公平性是一个可接受的目标。然而，对于简单的尽力而为的流量，我们并不声称流量公平性必然是一个“最优”公平性目标或资源分配机制。简单的尽力而为流量和流量公平性通常与最优性无关，而是与低开销服务（尽力而为流量）以及粗略、简单的公平性模型（流量公平性）有关。
Within simple best-effort traffic, it would be possible to have explicit fairness mechanisms that are implemented by the end-hosts in the network (as in proportional fairness or TCP fairness), explicit fairness mechanisms enforced by the routers (as in max-min fairness with Fair Queueing), or a traffic class with no explicit fairness mechanisms at all (as in the Internet before TCP congestion control).
在简单的尽力而为流量中，可能有由网络中的终端主机实现的显式公平机制（如比例公平或TCP公平），由路由器实施的显式公平机制（如公平排队的最大最小公平），或者一个根本没有显式公平机制的流量类（如TCP拥塞控制之前的Internet）。
This document does *not* address the issues about the implementation of flow-rate fairness. In the current Internet, rough flow-rate fairness is achieved by the fact that *most* of the traffic in the
本文件*未*述及有关实施流量公平性的问题。在当前的互联网中，粗流量公平性是通过以下事实实现的：网络中的*大部分*流量
Internet uses TCP, and *most* of the TCP connections in fact use conformant TCP congestion control [MAF05]. However, rough flow-rate fairness could also be achieved by the use of per-flow scheduling at congested routers [DKS89] [LLSZ96], by related router mechanisms [SSZ03], or by congestion-controlled transport protocols other than TCP. This document does not address the pros and cons of TCP-friendly congestion control, equation-based congestion control [FHPW00], or any of the myriad of other issues concerning mechanisms for approximating flow-rate fairness. Le Boudec's tutorial on rate adaption, congestion control, and fairness gives an introduction to some of these issues [B00].
Internet使用TCP，而*大多数*TCP连接实际上使用一致的TCP拥塞控制[MAF05]。然而，通过在拥塞路由器[DKS89][LLSZ96]上使用每流调度、相关路由器机制[SSZ03]或TCP以外的拥塞控制传输协议，也可以实现粗略的流量公平性。本文档不讨论TCP友好型拥塞控制、基于等式的拥塞控制[FHPW00]的优缺点，也不讨论与近似流量公平性机制有关的任何其他问题。Le Boudec关于速率自适应、拥塞控制和公平性的教程介绍了其中一些问题[B00]。
We note that the limitations of flow-rate fairness are many, with a long history in the literature. We discuss these limitations in the next section. While the benefits of simple best-effort traffic and rough flow-rate fairness are rarely discussed, this does *not* mean that benefits do not exist. In this section, we discuss the benefits of flow-rate fairness. We note that many of the useful aspects of simple best-effort traffic discussed above also qualify as useful aspects of rough flow-rate fairness. For simple best-effort traffic with rough flow-rate fairness, the quote from Winston Churchill about democracy comes to mind: "Democracy is the worst form of government except all those other forms that have been tried from time to time" [C47].
我们注意到，流量公平性的局限性很多，在文献中有很长的历史。我们将在下一节讨论这些限制。虽然很少讨论简单尽力而为流量和粗略流量公平性的好处，但这并不意味着好处不存在。在本节中，我们将讨论流量公平的好处。我们注意到，上面讨论的简单尽力而为流量的许多有用方面也可以作为粗流量公平性的有用方面。对于具有粗略流量公平性的简单尽力而为的交通，我想到了温斯顿·丘吉尔（Winston Churchill）关于民主的一句话：“民主是最糟糕的政府形式，除了所有其他不时尝试过的形式”[C47]。
Minimal technical demands on the network infrastructure:
对网络基础设施的最低技术要求：
First, the rough flow-rate fairness for best-effort traffic provided by TCP or other transport protocols makes minimal technical demands on the infrastructure, as TCP's congestion control algorithms are wholly implemented in the end-hosts. However, mechanisms for *enforcement* of the flow-rate fairness *would* require some support from the infrastructure.
首先，由于TCP的拥塞控制算法完全在终端主机上实现，TCP或其他传输协议提供的最大努力流量的粗略流量公平性对基础设施提出了最低的技术要求。然而，用于*强制*流量公平性*的机制*将*需要基础设施的一些支持。
Minimal demands in terms of economic infrastructure:
经济基础设施方面的最低需求：
A system based on rough flow-rate fairness for simple best-effort traffic makes minimal demands in terms of economic relationships among ISPs or between users and ISPs. In contrast, Section 4 discusses some of the difficulties in the incremental deployment of infrastructure for cost-based fairness or other fairness mechanisms.
基于简单尽力而为流量的粗略流量公平性的系统在ISP之间或用户与ISP之间的经济关系方面要求最低。相比之下，第4节讨论了增量部署基础设施以实现基于成本的公平性或其他公平机制的一些困难。
Usefulness in the real world:
在现实世界中的有用性：
The current system -- based on rough flow-rate fairness and simple best-effort traffic -- has shown its usefulness in the real world.
当前的系统——基于粗略的流量公平性和简单的尽力而为的流量——已经在现实世界中显示了它的有用性。
Getting a share of the available bandwidth:
获取可用带宽的共享：
A system based on rough flow-rate fairness and simple best-effort traffic gives all users a reasonable chance of getting a share of the available bandwidth. This seems to be a quality that is much appreciated by today's Internet users (as discussed above).
基于粗流量公平性和简单尽力而为流量的系统为所有用户提供了获得可用带宽份额的合理机会。这似乎是当今互联网用户非常欣赏的品质（如上所述）。
This section discusses some of the limitations of flow-rate fairness for simple best-effort traffic.
本节讨论简单尽力而为流量的流量公平性的一些限制。
One of the limitations of rough flow-rate fairness is the difficulty of enforcement. One possibility for implementing flow-rate fairness would be an infrastructure designed from the start with a requirement for ubiquitous per-flow scheduling in routers. However, when starting with an infrastructure such as the current Internet with best-effort traffic largely served by First-In First-Out (FIFO) scheduling in routers and a design preference for intelligence at the ends, enforcement of flow-rate fairness is difficult at best. Further, a transition to an infrastructure that provides actual flow-rate fairness for best-effort traffic enforced in routers would be difficult.
粗流量公平性的限制之一是执行的困难。实现流量公平性的一种可能性是从一开始就设计一个基础设施，要求路由器中普遍存在的每流调度。然而，当从一个基础设施开始时，例如当前的互联网，其最大努力流量主要由路由器中的先进先出（FIFO）调度和末端智能设计偏好提供服务时，流量公平性的实施充其量是困难的。此外，向为路由器中强制实施的尽力而为的流量提供实际流量公平性的基础设施的过渡将是困难的。
A second possibility, which is largely how the current Internet is operated, would be simple best-effort traffic where most of the connections, packets, and bytes belong to connections using similar congestion-control mechanisms (in this case, those of TCP congestion control), with few if any enforcement mechanisms. Of course, when this happens, the result is a rough approximation of flow-rate fairness, with no guarantees that the simple best-effort traffic will continue to be dominated by connections using similar congestion-control mechanisms or that users or applications cannot game the system for their benefit. That is our current state of affairs. The good news is that the current Internet continues to successfully carry traffic for many users. In particular, we are not aware of reports of frequent congestion collapse, or of the Internet being dominated by severe congestion or intolerable unfairness.
第二种可能性，主要是当前互联网的运行方式，是简单的尽力而为的流量，其中大多数连接、数据包和字节属于使用类似拥塞控制机制（在本例中为TCP拥塞控制机制）的连接，几乎没有强制机制。当然，当这种情况发生时，其结果是流量公平性的粗略近似值，无法保证简单的尽力而为流量将继续由使用类似拥塞控制机制的连接控制，或者用户或应用程序无法为了自身利益对系统进行博弈。这就是我们目前的情况。好消息是，当前的互联网继续成功地为许多用户提供流量。特别是，我们不知道有报道称经常出现拥塞崩溃，或互联网被严重拥塞或无法容忍的不公平所主宰。
A third possibility would be simple best-effort traffic with flow-rate fairness provided by the congestion control mechanisms in the transport protocols, with some level of enforcement, either in congested routers, in middleboxes, or by other mechanisms [MBFIPS01] [MF01] [SSZ03]. There seems to us to be considerable promise that incentives among the various players (ISPs, vendors, customers, standards bodies, political entities, etc.) will align somewhat, and that further progress will be made on the deployment of various enforcement mechanisms for flow-rate fairness for simple best-effort traffic. Of course, this is not likely to turn in to a fully reliable and ubiquitous enforcement of flow-rate fairness, or of any related fairness goals, for simple best-effort traffic, so this is not likely to be satisfactory to purists in this area. However, it may be enough to continue to encourage most systems to use standard congestion control.
第三种可能是简单的尽力而为的流量，流量公平性由传输协议中的拥塞控制机制提供，在拥塞的路由器、中间盒或其他机制中具有一定程度的强制执行[MBFIPS01][MF01][SSZ03]。在我们看来，各种参与者（ISP、供应商、客户、标准机构、政治实体等）之间的激励将在一定程度上保持一致，并且将在部署各种强制机制以实现简单尽力而为流量公平方面取得进一步进展。当然，对于简单的尽力而为的流量，这不太可能转化为对流量公平性或任何相关公平性目标的完全可靠和普遍的强制执行，因此这不太可能让这一领域的纯粹主义者满意。然而，继续鼓励大多数系统使用标准拥塞控制可能就足够了。
A second limitation of flow-based fairness is that there is seemingly no consensus within the research, standards, or technical communities about the precise form of flow-based fairness that should be desired for simple best-effort traffic. This area is very much still in flux, as applications, transport protocols, and the Internet infrastructure evolve.
基于流的公平性的第二个限制是，对于简单的尽力而为的流量所需要的基于流的公平性的精确形式，在研究、标准或技术团体中似乎没有共识。随着应用程序、传输协议和互联网基础设施的发展，这一领域仍在不断变化。
Some of the areas where there is a range of opinions about the desired goals for rough flow-based fairness for simple best-effort traffic include the following:
对于简单尽力而为流量的基于粗糙流的公平性的期望目标，存在一系列意见的一些领域包括：
* Granularity: What is the appropriate fairness granularity? That is, for flow-based fairness, what is the definition of a 'flow'? (This question has been explicitly posed in [RFC2309], [RFC2914], and many other places.) Should fairness be assessed on a per-connection basis? Should fairness take into account multiple connections between a pair of end-hosts (e.g., as suggested by [RFC3124])? If congestion control applies to each individual connection, what controls (if any) should constrain the number of connections opened between a pair of end-hosts? As an example, RFC 2616 specifies that with HTTP 1.1, a single-user client SHOULD NOT maintain more than two persistent connections with any server or proxy [RFC2616] (Section 8.1.4). For peer-to-peer traffic, different operating systems have different limitations on the maximum number of peer-to-peer connections; Windows XP Pro has a limit of ten simultaneous peer-to-peer connections, Windows XP Home (for the client) has a limit of five, and an OS X client has a limit of ten [P2P].
* 粒度：什么是合适的公平粒度？也就是说，对于基于流的公平性，“流”的定义是什么？（这个问题已经在[RFC2309]、[RFC2914]和许多其他地方明确提出。）公平性是否应该基于每个连接进行评估？公平性是否应考虑一对终端主机之间的多个连接（如[RFC3124]所建议的）？如果拥塞控制适用于每个单独的连接，那么哪些控制（如果有的话）应该限制一对终端主机之间打开的连接数？例如，RFC 2616规定，对于HTTP 1.1，单用户客户端不应与任何服务器或代理保持两个以上的永久连接[RFC2616]（第8.1.4节）。对于对等通信，不同的操作系统对最大对等连接数有不同的限制；Windows XP Pro的同时对等连接限制为10个，Windows XP Home（客户端）的限制为5个，OS X客户端的限制为10个[P2P]。
* RTT fairness: What is the desired relationship between flow bandwidth and round-trip times, for simple best-effort traffic? As shown in Section 3.3 of [FJ92], it would be straightforward to modify TCP's congestion control algorithms so that flows with similar packet drop rates but different round-trip times would receive roughly the same throughput. This question is further studied in [HSMK98]. It remains an open question what would be the desired relationship between throughput and round-trip times for simple best-effort traffic, particularly for applications or transport protocols using some form of feedback-based congestion control.
* RTT公平性：对于简单的尽力而为的流量，流量带宽和往返时间之间的期望关系是什么？如[FJ92]第3.3节所示，修改TCP的拥塞控制算法很简单，这样具有相似丢包率但不同往返时间的流将获得大致相同的吞吐量。[HSMK98]对此问题作了进一步研究。对于简单的尽力而为的流量，特别是对于使用某种形式的基于反馈的拥塞控制的应用程序或传输协议，吞吐量和往返时间之间的期望关系仍然是一个悬而未决的问题。
* Multiple congested routers: What is the desired relationship between flow bandwidth and the number of congested routers along the path, for simple best-effort traffic? It is well established that for TCP traffic in particular, flows that traverse multiple congested routers receive a higher packet drop rate, and therefore lower throughput, than flows with the same round-trip time that traverse only one congested router [F91]. There is also a long-standing debate between max-min fairness [HG86] and proportional fairness [KMT98], and no consensus within the research community on the desired fairness goals in this area.
* 多个拥塞路由器：对于简单的尽力而为的流量，流量带宽和路径上拥塞路由器的数量之间的期望关系是什么？众所周知，特别是对于TCP流量，与仅通过一个拥塞路由器的具有相同往返时间的流相比，通过多个拥塞路由器的流接收到更高的丢包率，因此吞吐量更低[F91]。在最大最小公平[HG86]和比例公平[KMT98]之间也存在着长期的争论，研究界对这一领域的预期公平目标没有达成共识。
* Bursty vs. smooth traffic: What is the desired relationship between flow bandwidth and the burstiness in the sending rate of the flow? Is it a goal for a bursty flow to receive the same average or maximum bandwidth as a flow with a smooth sending rate? How does the goal depend on the time scale of the burstiness of the flow [K96]? For instance, a flow that is bursty on time scales of less than a round-trip time has different dynamics than a flow that is bursty on a time scale of seconds or minutes.
* 突发与平滑流量：流带宽与流发送速率的突发性之间的期望关系是什么？突发流的目标是以平滑的发送速率接收与流相同的平均或最大带宽吗？目标如何依赖于流突发性的时间尺度[K96]？例如，在小于往返时间的时间尺度上具有突发性的流与在秒或分钟的时间尺度上具有突发性的流具有不同的动力学。
* Packets or bytes: Should the rough fairness goals be in terms of packets per second or bytes per second [RFC3714]? And if the fairness goals are in terms of bytes per second, does this include the bandwidth used by packet headers (e.g., TCP and IP headers)?
* 数据包或字节：粗略的公平性目标应该是每秒数据包还是每秒字节[RFC3714]？如果公平性目标是以每秒字节数为单位，这是否包括数据包头（例如TCP和IP头）使用的带宽？
* Different transport protocols: Should the transport protocol used (e.g., UDP, TCP, SCTP, DCCP) or the application affect the rough fairness goals for simple best-effort traffic?
* 不同的传输协议：所使用的传输协议（如UDP、TCP、SCTP、DCCP）或应用程序是否会影响简单尽力而为流量的大致公平性目标？
* Unicast vs. multicast: What should the fairness goals be between unicast and multicast traffic [FD04] [ZOX05]?
* 单播与多播：单播和多播流量之间的公平性目标应该是什么[FD04][ZOX05]？
* Precision of fairness: How precise should the fairness goals be? Is the precision that is possible from per-flow scheduling the right benchmark? Or, is a better touchstone the rough fairness over multiple round-trip times achieved by TCP flows over FIFO
* 公平的精确性：公平目标应该有多精确？每流调度的精度是否是正确的基准？或者，TCP流通过FIFO实现的多次往返时间的粗略公平性是更好的试金石吗
scheduling? Or, is a goal of even more rough fairness of an order of magnitude or more between flows using different transport protocols right?
行程安排？或者，在使用不同传输协议的流之间实现一个数量级或更多数量级的更粗略公平性的目标，对吗？
There is a range of literature for each of these topics, and we have not attempted to cite it all above. Rough flow-based fairness for simple best-effort traffic could evolve with a range of possibilities for fairness in terms of round-trip times, the number of congested routers, packet size, or the number of receivers per flow. (Further discussion can be found in [RFC5166].)
每一个主题都有一系列的文献，我们没有尝试在上面全部引用。简单尽力而为流量的基于粗糙流的公平性可以在往返时间、拥塞路由器数量、数据包大小或每个流量的接收器数量等方面具有一系列公平性的可能性。（更多讨论请参见[RFC5166]。）
Fairness over time:
随时间推移的公平性：
One issue raised in [B07] concerns how fairness should be integrated over time. For example, for simple best-effort traffic, should long flows receive less bandwidth in bits per second than short flows? For cost-based fairness or for QoS-based traffic, it seems perfectly viable for there to be some scenarios where the cost is a function of flow or session lifetime. It also seems viable for there to be some scenarios where the cost of QoS-enabled traffic is independent of flow or session lifetime (e.g., for a private Intranet that is measured only by the bandwidth of the access link, but where any traffic sent on that Intranet is guaranteed to receive a certain QoS).
[B07]中提出的一个问题涉及如何随着时间的推移整合公平性。例如，对于简单的尽力而为流量，长流是否应该比短流接收更少的带宽（以比特/秒为单位）？对于基于成本的公平性或基于QoS的流量，在某些情况下，成本是流量或会话生存期的函数，这似乎是完全可行的。在某些情况下，启用QoS的流量的成本与流量或会话生存期无关（例如，对于仅通过访问链路带宽测量的专用Intranet，但在该Intranet上发送的任何流量都保证接收特定QoS），这似乎也是可行的。
However, for simple best-effort traffic, the current form of rough fairness seems acceptable, with fairness that is independent of session length. That is, in the current Internet, a user who opens a single TCP connection for ten hours *might* receive the same average throughput in bits per second, during that TCP connection, as a user who opens a single TCP connection for ten minutes and then goes off-line. Similarly, a user who is online for ten hours each day *might* receive the same throughput in bits per second, and pay roughly the same cost, as a user who is online for ten minutes each day. That seems acceptable to us. Other pricing mechanisms between users and ISPs seem acceptable also. The current Internet includes a wide range of pricing mechanisms between users and ISPs for best-effort traffic.
然而，对于简单的尽力而为流量，当前形式的粗略公平性似乎是可以接受的，公平性与会话长度无关。也就是说，在当前Internet中，打开单个TCP连接10小时*的用户可能*在该TCP连接期间收到与打开单个TCP连接10分钟然后脱机的用户相同的平均吞吐量（以位/秒为单位）。类似地，每天在线10小时的用户*可能*获得与每天在线10分钟的用户相同的吞吐量（以比特/秒为单位），并支付大致相同的成本。我们似乎可以接受。用户和ISP之间的其他定价机制似乎也可以接受。当前的互联网包括用户和ISP之间的各种定价机制，以实现尽力而为的流量。
One of the advantages of simple best-effort service is that it is currently operational in the Internet, along with the rough flow-rate fairness that results from the dominance of TCP's congestion control.
简单尽力而为服务的一个优点是，它目前在Internet上运行，并且由于TCP的拥塞控制占主导地位而产生了粗略的流量公平性。
While additional classes of service would clearly be of use in the Internet, the deployment difficulties of such mechanisms have been non-trivial [B03]. The problems of deploying interlocking changes to the infrastructure do not necessarily have an easy fix as they stem in part from the underlying architecture of the Internet. As explained in RFC 1958 titled "Architectural Principles of the Internet": "Fortunately, nobody owns the Internet, there is no centralized control, and nobody can turn it off" [RFC1958]. Some of the difficulties of making changes in the Internet infrastructure, including the difficulties imposed by the political and economic context, have been discussed elsewhere (e.g., [CMB07]). The difficulty of making changes to the Internet infrastructure is in contrast to the comparative ease in making changes in Internet applications.
虽然额外的服务类别显然可以在互联网上使用，但此类机制的部署困难并非微不足道[B03]。在基础设施中部署互锁更改的问题不一定很容易解决，因为它们部分源于互联网的底层架构。正如题为“互联网的架构原则”的RFC 1958中所解释的：“幸运的是，没有人拥有互联网，没有集中控制，也没有人可以关闭它”[RFC1958]。互联网基础设施变更的一些困难，包括政治和经济环境造成的困难，已在其他地方讨论过（例如，[CMB07]）。更改互联网基础设施的难度与更改互联网应用程序的相对容易程度形成对比。
The difficulties of deployment for end-to-end intserv or diffserv mechanisms are well-known, having in part to do with the difficulties of deploying the required economic infrastructure [B03]. It seems likely that cost-based schemes based on re-ECN could also have a difficult deployment path, involving the deployment of ECN-marking at routers, policers at both ends of a connection, and a change in pairwise economic relationships to include a congestion metric [B07]. Some infrastructure deployment problems are sufficiently difficult that they have their own working groups in the IETF [MBONED].
部署端到端intserv或diffserv机制的困难是众所周知的，部分与部署所需经济基础设施的困难有关[B03]。似乎基于re ECN的基于成本的方案也可能有一个困难的部署路径，包括在路由器上部署ECN标记，在连接两端部署策略，以及改变成对经济关系以包括拥塞度量[B07]。一些基础设施部署问题非常困难，以至于他们在IETF[MBONED]中有自己的工作组。
This section discusses IETF documents relating to simple best-effort service and flow-rate fairness.
本节讨论与简单尽力而为服务和流量公平性相关的IETF文档。
RFC 896 on congestion control: Nagle's RFC 896 titled "Congestion Control in IP/TCP", from 1984, raises the issue of congestion collapse, and says that "improved handling of congestion is now mandatory" [RFC896]. RFC 896 was written in the context of a heavily loaded network, the only private TCP/IP long-haul network in existence at the time (that of Ford Motor Company, in 1984). In addition to introducing the Nagle algorithm for minimizing the transmission of small packets in TCP, RFC 896 considers the effectiveness of ICMP Source Quench for congestion control, and comments that future gateways should be capable of defending themselves against obnoxious or malicious hosts. However, RFC 896 does not raise the question of fairness between competing users or flows.
关于拥塞控制的RFC 896：1984年，Nagle的RFC 896题为“IP/TCP中的拥塞控制”，提出了拥塞崩溃的问题，并表示“改进的拥塞处理现在是强制性的”[RFC896]。RFC 896是在负载沉重的网络环境下编写的，这是当时唯一存在的专用TCP/IP长途网络（福特汽车公司，1984年）。除了引入Nagle算法以最小化TCP中小数据包的传输外，RFC 896还考虑了ICMP源猝灭对拥塞控制的有效性，并指出未来的网关应该能够抵御讨厌的或恶意的主机。然而，RFC896并没有提出竞争用户或流之间的公平性问题。
RFC 2309 on unresponsive flows: RFC 2309, an Informational document from the End-to-End Research Group titled "Recommendations on Queue Management and Congestion Avoidance in the Internet" from 2000, contains the following recommendation: "It is urgent to begin or continue research, engineering, and measurement efforts contributing to the design of mechanisms to deal with flows that are unresponsive to congestion notification or are responsive but more aggressive than TCP" [RFC2309].
关于无响应流的RFC 2309:RFC 2309是端到端研究小组2000年发布的一份名为“关于互联网队列管理和拥塞避免的建议”的信息性文件，其中包含以下建议：“迫切需要开始或继续研究、工程和测量工作，以帮助设计机制来处理对拥塞通知无响应或响应速度快但比TCP更具攻击性的流量”[RFC2309]。
RFC 2616 on opening multiple connections: RFC 2616, the standards-track document for HTTP/1.1, specifies that "clients that use persistent connections SHOULD limit the number of simultaneous connections that they maintain to a given server" (Section 8.1.4 of [RFC2616]).
关于打开多个连接的RFC 2616:RFC 2616是HTTP/1.1的标准跟踪文档，它规定“使用持久连接的客户端应限制它们维护到给定服务器的同时连接的数量”（RFC2616的第8.1.4节）。
RFC 2914 on congestion control principles: RFC 2914, a Best Current Practice document, from 2000 titled "Congestion Control Principles", discusses the issues of preventing congestion collapse, maintaining some form of fairness for best-effort traffic, and optimizing a flow's performance in terms of throughput, delay, and loss for the flow in question. In the discussion of fairness, RFC 2914 outlines policy issues concerning the appropriate granularity of a "flow", and acknowledges that end nodes can easily open multiple concurrent flows to the same destination. RFC 2914 also discusses open issues concerning fairness between reliable unicast, unreliable unicast, reliable multicast, and unreliable multicast transport protocols.
RFC 2914关于拥塞控制原则：RFC 2914，一份来自2000年的题为“拥塞控制原则”的最佳实践文件，讨论了防止拥塞崩溃、为尽力而为的流量保持某种形式的公平性以及优化流量在吞吐量、延迟、，以及相关流量的损失。在公平性的讨论中，RFC 2914概述了与“流”的适当粒度有关的策略问题，并承认终端节点可以轻松地将多个并发流打开到同一目的地。RFC 2914还讨论了有关可靠单播、不可靠单播、可靠多播和不可靠多播传输协议之间公平性的公开问题。
RFC 3714 on the amorphous problem of fairness: Section 3.3 of RFC 3714, an Informational document from the IAB (Internet Architecture Board) discussing congestion control for best-effort voice traffic, has a discussion of "the amorphous problem of fairness", discussing complicating issues of packet sizes, round-trip times, application-level functionality, and the like [RFC3714].
RFC 3714关于无定形的公平性问题：RFC 3714的第3.3节是IAB（互联网体系结构委员会）讨论尽最大努力语音流量拥塞控制的信息性文件，讨论了“无定形的公平性问题”，讨论了数据包大小、往返时间、，应用程序级功能等[RFC3714]。
RFCs on QoS: There is a long history in the IETF of the development of QoS mechanisms for integrated and differentiated services [RFC2212, RFC2475]. These include lower effort per-domain behaviors that could be used to protect best-effort traffic from lower-priority traffic [RFC3662].
关于QoS的RFCs：IETF中有一段很长的历史，即为集成和区分服务开发QoS机制[RFC2212，RFC2475]。这些行为包括每个域的较低努力行为，可用于保护最努力流量不受较低优先级流量的影响[RFC3662]。
This section briefly mentions some of the many papers in the literature on best-effort traffic or on fairness for competing flows or users. [B07] also has a section on some of the literature regarding fairness in the Internet.
本节简要介绍了文献中关于尽力而为流量或竞争流或用户的公平性的许多论文中的一些。[B07]还有一节介绍了一些有关互联网公平性的文献。
Fairness with AIMD: Fairness with AIMD (Additive Increase Multiplicative Decrease) congestion control was studied by Chiu and Jain in 1987, where fairness is maximized when each user or flow gets equal allocations of the bottleneck bandwidth [CJ89]. Van Jacobson's 1988 paper titled "Congestion Avoidance and Control" defined TCP's AIMD-based congestion control mechanisms [J88].
AIMD的公平性：Chiu和Jain在1987年研究了AIMD（加法-增加-乘法-减少）拥塞控制的公平性，其中，当每个用户或流获得相等的瓶颈带宽分配时，公平性最大化[CJ89]。Van Jacobson 1988年发表的题为“拥塞避免和控制”的论文定义了TCP基于AIMD的拥塞控制机制[J88]。
Fair Queueing: The 1989 paper on Fair Queueing by Demers et al. promoted Fair Queueing scheduling at routers as providing fair allocation of bandwidth, lower delay for low-bandwidth traffic, and protection from ill-behaved sources [DKS89].
公平排队：Demers等人1989年发表的关于公平排队的论文促进了路由器上的公平排队调度，因为它提供了公平的带宽分配、低带宽流量的较低延迟，以及对不良行为源的保护[DKS89]。
Congestion-based pricing: One of the early papers on congestion-based pricing in networks is the 1993 paper titled "Pricing the Internet" by MacKie-Mason and Varian [MV93]. This paper proposed a "Smart Market" to price congestion in real time, with a per-packet charge reflecting marginal congestion costs. Frank Kelly's web page at [Proportional] has citations to papers on proportional fairness, including [K97] titled "Charging and Rate Control for Elastic Traffic".
基于拥塞的定价：关于网络中基于拥塞的定价的早期论文之一是MacKie Mason和Varian于1993年发表的题为“互联网定价”的论文[MV93]。本文提出了一个“智能市场”来实时定价拥塞，每包收费反映边际拥塞成本。弗兰克·凯利（Frank Kelly）在[比例]的网页上引用了关于比例公平的论文，包括[K97]题为“弹性流量的收费和费率控制”。
Other papers on pricing in computer networks include [SCEH96], which is in part a critique of some of the pricing proposals in the literature at the time. [SCEH96] argues that usage charges must remain at significant levels even if congestion is extremely low.
其他关于计算机网络定价的论文包括[SCEH96]，这部分是对当时文献中一些定价建议的批评。[SCEH96]认为，即使拥挤程度极低，使用费也必须保持在相当高的水平。
This document does not propose any new mechanisms for the Internet, and so does not require any security considerations.
本文件没有提出任何新的互联网机制，因此不需要任何安全考虑。
This document represents the views of the two authors on the role of simple best-effort traffic in the Internet.
本文档代表了两位作者关于简单尽力而为流量在互联网中的作用的观点。
We thank Ran Atkinson, Roland Bless, Bob Briscoe, Mitchell Erblich, Ted Faber, Frank Kelly, Tim Shephard, and members of the Transport Area Working Group for feedback on this document.
我们感谢Ran Atkinson、Roland Bless、Bob Briscoe、Mitchell Erblich、Ted Faber、Frank Kelly、Tim Shephard和运输区工作组成员对本文件的反馈。
[B00] J.-Y. Le Boudec, Rate adaptation, Congestion Control and Fairness: A Tutorial, 2000. URL "http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/boudec00rate.html" or "http://ica1www.epfl.ch/PS_files/LEB3132.pdf".
[B00]J.-Y.Le Boudec，《速率自适应、拥塞控制和公平：教程》，2000年。URL“http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/boudec00rate.html“或”http://ica1www.epfl.ch/PS_files/LEB3132.pdf".
[B03] G. Bell, Failure to Thrive: QoS and the Culture of Operational Networking, Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM Workshop on Revisiting IP QoS: What Have We Learned, Why Do We Care?, pp. 115-120, 2003, URL "http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/944592.944595".
[B03]G.Bell，未能茁壮成长：QoS和运营网络文化，ACM SIGCOMM研讨会论文集，重温IP QoS：我们学到了什么，为什么关心？，第115-120页，2003年，URL“http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/944592.944595".
[B07] B. Briscoe, Flow Rate Fairness: Dismantling a Religion, ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, V.37 N.2, April 2007.
[B07]B.Briscoe，《流速公平性：消除宗教信仰》，ACM SIGCOMM计算机通信评论，第37卷第2期，2007年4月。
[B07a] B. Briscoe, "Flow Rate Fairness: Dismantling a Religion", Work in Progress, July 2007.
[B07a]B.Briscoe，“流量公平：废除宗教”，正在进行的工作，2007年7月。
[CJ89] Chiu, D.-M., and Jain, R., Analysis of the Increase and Decrease Algorithms for Congestion Avoidance in Computer Networks, Computer Networks and ISDN Systems, V. 17, pp. 1-14, 1989. [The DEC Technical Report DEC-TR-509 was in 1987.]
[CJ89]Chiu，D.-M.，和Jain，R.，计算机网络、计算机网络和ISDN系统中拥塞避免的增减算法分析，第17卷，第1-14页，1989年。【DEC技术报告DEC-TR-509于1987年发布。】
[CMB07] kc claffy, Sascha D. Meinrath, and Scott O. Bradner, The (un)Economic Internet?, IEEE Internet Computing, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 53--58, May 2007. URL "http://www.caida.org/publications/papers/2007/ieeecon/".
[CMB07]kc claffy，Sascha D.Meinrath和Scott O.Bradner，《联合国经济互联网？》，IEEE互联网计算，第11卷，第3期，第53-58页，2007年5月。URL“http://www.caida.org/publications/papers/2007/ieeecon/".
[C47] Churchill, W., speech, House of Commons, November 11, 1947. URL "http://www.askoxford.com/quotations/827?view=uk".
[C47]丘吉尔，W.，演讲，下议院，1947年11月11日。URL“http://www.askoxford.com/quotations/827?view=uk".
[DKS89] A. Demers, S. Keshav, and S. Shenker, Analysis and Simulation of a Fair Queueing Algorithm, SIGCOMM, 1989.
[DKS89]A.Demers，S.Keshav和S.Shenker，公平排队算法的分析和模拟，SIGCOMM，1989。
[F91] Floyd, S., Connections with Multiple Congested Gateways in Packet-Switched Networks Part 1: One-way Traffic, Computer Communication Review, Vol.21, No.5, October 1991.
[F91]Floyd，S.，分组交换网络中多个拥塞网关的连接第1部分：单向通信，计算机通信评论，第21卷，第5期，1991年10月。
[FD04] F. Filali and W. Dabbous, Fair Bandwidth Sharing between Unicast and Multicast Flows in Best-Effort Networks, Computer Communications, V.27 N.4, pp. 330-344, March 2004.
[FD04]F.Filali和W.Dabbous，《尽力而为网络中单播和多播流之间的公平带宽共享》，计算机通信，第27卷第4节，第330-344页，2004年3月。
[FHPW00] Floyd, S., Handley, M., Padhye, J., and Widmer, J, Equation-Based Congestion Control for Unicast Applications, SIGCOMM, August 2000.
[FHPW00]Floyd，S.，Handley，M.，Padhye，J.，和Widmer，J.，单播应用的基于方程的拥塞控制，SIGCOMM，2000年8月。
[FJ92] On Traffic Phase Effects in Packet-Switched Gateways, Floyd, S. and Jacobson, V., Internetworking: Research and Experience, V.3 N.3, September 1992.
[FJ92]关于分组交换网关中的流量相位效应，Floyd，S.和Jacobson，V.，互联网：研究与经验，V.3 N.3，1992年9月。
[HG86] E. Hahne and R. Gallager, Round Robin Scheduling for Fair Flow Control in Data Communications Networks, IEEE International Conference on Communications, June 1986.
[HG86]E.Hahne和R.Gallager，数据通信网络中公平流控制的循环调度，IEEE国际通信会议，1986年6月。
[HSMK98] Henderson, T.R., E. Sahouria, S. McCanne, and R.H. Katz, On Improving the Fairness of TCP Congestion Avoidance, Globecom, November 1998.
[HSMK98]Henderson，T.R.，E.Sahouria，S.McCanne和R.H.Katz，关于改进TCP拥塞避免的公平性，Globecom，1998年11月。
[Internet2020] Internet Society, An Internet 2020 Initiative: The Internet is (still) for Everyone, 2007. URL "http:// www.isoc.org/orgs/ac/cms/uploads/docs/2020_vision.pdf".
[Internet2020]互联网社会，互联网2020倡议：互联网（仍然）适合所有人，2007年。URL“http://www.isoc.org/orgs/ac/cms/uploads/docs/2020_vision.pdf”。
[J88] V. Jacobson, Congestion Avoidance and Control, SIGCOMM '88, August 1988.
[J88]V.Jacobson，《拥塞避免和控制》，SIGCOMM'88，1988年8月。
[K96] F. Kelly, Charging and Accounting for Bursty Connections, In L. W. McKnight and J. P. Bailey, editors, Internet Economics. MIT Press, 1997.
[K96]F.Kelly，《突发性连接的收费和会计》，L.W.McKnight和J.P.Bailey著，互联网经济学编辑。麻省理工学院出版社，1997年。
[K97] F. Kelly, Charging and Rate Control for Elastic Traffic, European Transactions on Telecommunications, 8:33--37, 1997.
[K97]F.Kelly，弹性流量的收费和费率控制，欧洲电信交易，8:33-371997。
[KMT98] F. Kelly, A. Maulloo and D. Tan, Rate Control in Communication Networks: Shadow Prices, Proportional Fairness and Stability. Journal of the Operational Research Society 49, pp. 237-252, 1998. URL "http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/kelly98rate.html".
[KMT98]F.Kelly，A.Malloo和D.Tan，《通信网络中的速率控制：影子价格、比例公平和稳定性》。运筹学学会杂志49，第237-252页，1998年。URL“http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/kelly98rate.html".
[LLSZ96] C. Lefelhocz, B. Lyles, S. Shenker, and L. Zhang, Congestion Control for Best-effort Service: Why We Need a New Paradigm, IEEE Network, vol. 10, pp. 10-19, Jan. 1996.
[LLSZ96]C.Lefelhocz，B.Lyles，S.Shenker和L.Zhang，《尽力而为服务的拥塞控制：为什么我们需要新范式》，IEEE网络，第10卷，第10-19页，1996年1月。
[MAF05] A. Medina, M. Allman, and S. Floyd, Measuring the Evolution of Transport Protocols in the Internet, Computer Communications Review, April 2005.
[MAF05]A.Medina，M.Allman和S.Floyd，《测量互联网中传输协议的演变》，计算机通信评论，2005年4月。
[MBFIPS01] R. Manajan, S. Bellovin, S. Floyd, J. Ioannidis, V. Paxson, and S. Shenker, Controlling High Bandwidth Aggregates in the Network, Computer Communications Review, V.32 N.3, July 2002.
[MBFIPS01]R.Manajan、S.Bellovin、S.Floyd、J.Ioannidis、V.Paxson和S.Shenker，《控制网络中的高带宽聚合》，计算机通信评论，V.32 N.3，2002年7月。
[MBONED] MBONE Deployment Working Group, URL "http://www.ietf.org/html.charters/mboned-charter.html".
[MBONE]MBONE部署工作组，URL“http://www.ietf.org/html.charters/mboned-charter.html".
[MF01] Mahajan, R., and Floyd, S., Controlling High-Bandwidth Flows at the Congested Router, ICNP 2001, November 2001.
[MF01]Mahajan，R.，和Floyd，S.，在拥塞路由器上控制高带宽流量，ICNP 2001，2001年11月。
[MV93] J. K. MacKie-Mason and H. Varian, Pricing the Internet, in the conference on Public Access to the Internet, JFK School of Government, May 1993.
[MV93]J.K.MacKie Mason和H.Varian，《互联网定价》，在肯尼迪政府学院举行的互联网公众访问会议上，1993年5月。
[NetNeutral] Network Neutrality, Wikipedia. URL "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_neutrality".
[网络中立]网络中立，维基百科。URL“http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_neutrality".
[P2P] "Maximum Number of Peer-to-Peer Connections", MAC OS X Hints web site, February 2007, URL "http://forums.macosxhints.com/showthread.php?t=67237".
[P2P]“最大对等连接数”，MAC OS X提示网站，2007年2月，URLhttp://forums.macosxhints.com/showthread.php?t=67237".
[Proportional] Kelly, F., papers on Proportional Fairness. URL "http://www.statslab.cam.ac.uk/~frank/pf/".
凯利，F.，关于比例公平的论文。URL“http://www.statslab.cam.ac.uk/~frank/pf/”。
[R04] J. Roberts, Internet Traffic, QoS, and Pricing, Proceedings of the IEEE, V.92 N.9, September 2004.
[R04]J.Roberts，互联网流量、QoS和定价，IEEE会议录，V.92 N.9，2004年9月。
[RFC896] Nagle, J., "Congestion control in IP/TCP internetworks", RFC 896, January 1984.
[RFC896]Nagle，J.，“IP/TCP网络中的拥塞控制”，RFC896，1984年1月。
[RFC1958] Carpenter, B., Ed., "Architectural Principles of the Internet", RFC 1958, June 1996.
[RFC1958]Carpenter，B.，Ed.“互联网的架构原则”，RFC19581996年6月。
[RFC2212] Shenker, S., Partridge, C., and R. Guerin, "Specification of Guaranteed Quality of Service", RFC 2212, September 1997.
[RFC2212]Shenker，S.，Partridge，C.和R.Guerin，“保证服务质量规范”，RFC 2212，1997年9月。
[RFC2309] Braden, B., Clark, D., Crowcroft, J., Davie, B., Deering, S., Estrin, D., Floyd, S., Jacobson, V., Minshall, G., Partridge, C., Peterson, L., Ramakrishnan, K., Shenker, S., Wroclawski, J., and L. Zhang, "Recommendations on Queue Management and Congestion Avoidance in the Internet", RFC 2309, April 1998.
[RFC2309]Braden，B.，Clark，D.，Crowcroft，J.，Davie，B.，Deering，S.，Estrin，D.，Floyd，S.，Jacobson，V.，Minshall，G.，Partridge，C.，Peterson，L.，Ramakrishnan，K.，Shenker，S.，Wroclawski，J.，和L.Zhang，“关于互联网中队列管理和拥塞避免的建议”，RFC 2309，1998年4月。
[RFC2475] Blake, S., Black, D., Carlson, M., Davies, E., Wang, Z., and W. Weiss, "An Architecture for Differentiated Service", RFC 2475, December 1998.
[RFC2475]Blake，S.，Black，D.，Carlson，M.，Davies，E.，Wang，Z.，和W.Weiss，“差异化服务架构”，RFC 24751998年12月。
[RFC2616] Fielding, R., Gettys, J., Mogul, J., Frystyk, H., Masinter, L., Leach, P., and T. Berners-Lee, "Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1", RFC 2616, June 1999.
[RFC2616]菲尔丁，R.，盖蒂斯，J.，莫卧儿，J.，弗莱斯蒂克，H.，马斯特，L.，利奇，P.，和T.伯纳斯李，“超文本传输协议——HTTP/1.1”，RFC 2616，1999年6月。
[RFC2914] Floyd, S., "Congestion Control Principles", BCP 41, RFC 2914, September 2000.
[RFC2914]Floyd，S.，“拥塞控制原则”，BCP 41，RFC 2914，2000年9月。
[RFC2990] Huston, G., "Next Steps for the IP QoS Architecture", RFC 2990, November 2000.
[RFC2990]Huston，G.，“IP QoS架构的下一步”，RFC 29902000年11月。
[RFC3124] Balakrishnan, H. and S. Seshan, "The Congestion Manager", RFC 3124, June 2001.
[RFC3124]Balakrishnan，H.和S.Seshan，“拥堵管理者”，RFC31242001年6月。
[RFC3662] Bless, R., K. Nichols, and K. Wehrle, "A Lower Effort Per-Domain Behavior (PDB) for Differentiated Services", RFC 3662, December 2003.
[RFC3662]Bless，R.，K.Nichols和K.Wehrle，“区分服务的低域行为（PDB）”，RFC 3662，2003年12月。
[RFC3714] Floyd, S., Ed., and J. Kempf, Ed., "IAB Concerns Regarding Congestion Control for Voice Traffic in the Internet", RFC 3714, March 2004.
[RFC3714]Floyd，S.，Ed.，和J.Kempf，Ed.，“IAB对互联网语音流量拥塞控制的关注”，RFC 3714，2004年3月。
[RFC5166] Floyd, S., Ed., "Metrics for the Evaluation of Congestion Control Mechanisms", RFC 5166, March 2008.
[RFC5166]Floyd，S.，Ed.“拥塞控制机制评估指标”，RFC 5166，2008年3月。
[SCEH96] Shenker, D. D. Clark, D. Estrin, and S. Herzog, Pricing in Computer Networks: Reshaping the Research Agenda, ACM Computer Communication Review, vol. 26, April 1996.
[SCEH96]Shenker，D.D.Clark，D.Estrin和S.Herzog，计算机网络定价：重塑研究议程，ACM计算机通信评论，第26卷，1996年4月。
[SSZ03] I. Stoica, S. Shenker, and H. Zhang, Core-Stateless Fair Queueing: a Scalable Architecture to Approximate Fair Bandwidth Allocations in High-speed Networks, IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking 11(1): 33-46, 2003.
[SSZ03]I.Stoica，S.Shenker和H.Zhang，核心无状态公平排队：高速网络中近似公平带宽分配的可扩展架构，IEEE/ACM网络事务11（1）：33-462003。
[ZOX05] Zhang, T., P. Osterberg, and Youzhi Xu, Multicast-favorable Max-Min Fairness - a General Definition of Multicast Fairness, Distributed Frameworks for Multimedia Applications, February 2005.
[ZOX05]Zhang，T.，P.Osterberg，和Youzhi Xu，多播有利的最大最小公平性-多播公平性的一般定义，多媒体应用分布式框架，2005年2月。
Authors' Addresses
作者地址
Sally Floyd ICSI Center for Internet Research 1947 Center Street, Suite 600 Berkeley, CA 94704 USA EMail: floyd@icir.org URL: http:/www.icir.org/floyd/
Sally Floyd ICSI互联网研究中心1947中心街600室加利福尼亚州伯克利94704美国电子邮件：floyd@icir.org网址：http://www.icir.org/floyd/
Mark Allman
International Computer Science Institute
1947 Center Street, Suite 600
Berkeley, CA 94704-1198
Phone: (440) 235-1792
EMail: mallman@icir.org
URL: http://www.icir.org/mallman/
Mark Allman
International Computer Science Institute
1947 Center Street, Suite 600
Berkeley, CA 94704-1198
Phone: (440) 235-1792
EMail: mallman@icir.org
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Full Copyright Statement
完整版权声明
Copyright (C) The IETF Trust (2008).
版权所有（C）IETF信托基金（2008年）。
This document is subject to the rights, licenses and restrictions contained in BCP 78 and at http://www.rfc-editor.org/copyright.html, and except as set forth therein, the authors retain all their rights.
本文件受BCP 78和http://www.rfc-editor.org/copyright.html，除本协议另有规定外，提交人保留其所有权利。
This document and the information contained herein are provided on an "AS IS" basis and THE CONTRIBUTOR, THE ORGANIZATION HE/SHE REPRESENTS OR IS SPONSORED BY (IF ANY), THE INTERNET SOCIETY, THE IETF TRUST AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
本文件及其包含的信息以“原样”为基础提供，贡献者、他/她所代表或赞助的组织（如有）、互联网协会、IETF信托基金和互联网工程任务组不承担任何明示或暗示的担保，包括但不限于任何保证，即使用本文中的信息不会侵犯任何权利，或对适销性或特定用途适用性的任何默示保证。
Intellectual Property
知识产权
The IETF takes no position regarding the validity or scope of any Intellectual Property Rights or other rights that might be claimed to pertain to the implementation or use of the technology described in this document or the extent to which any license under such rights might or might not be available; nor does it represent that it has made any independent effort to identify any such rights. Information on the procedures with respect to rights in RFC documents can be found in BCP 78 and BCP 79.
IETF对可能声称与本文件所述技术的实施或使用有关的任何知识产权或其他权利的有效性或范围，或此类权利下的任何许可可能或可能不可用的程度，不采取任何立场；它也不表示它已作出任何独立努力来确定任何此类权利。有关RFC文件中权利的程序信息，请参见BCP 78和BCP 79。
Copies of IPR disclosures made to the IETF Secretariat and any assurances of licenses to be made available, or the result of an attempt made to obtain a general license or permission for the use of such proprietary rights by implementers or users of this specification can be obtained from the IETF on-line IPR repository at http://www.ietf.org/ipr.
向IETF秘书处披露的知识产权副本和任何许可证保证，或本规范实施者或用户试图获得使用此类专有权利的一般许可证或许可的结果，可从IETF在线知识产权存储库获取，网址为http://www.ietf.org/ipr.
The IETF invites any interested party to bring to its attention any copyrights, patents or patent applications, or other proprietary rights that may cover technology that may be required to implement this standard. Please address the information to the IETF at ietf-ipr@ietf.org.
IETF邀请任何相关方提请其注意任何版权、专利或专利申请，或其他可能涵盖实施本标准所需技术的专有权利。请将信息发送至IETF的IETF-ipr@ietf.org.