Network Working Group X. Lee
Request for Comments: 4713 W. Mao
Category: Informational CNNIC
E. Chen
N. Hsu
TWNIC
J. Klensin
October 2006
Network Working Group X. Lee
Request for Comments: 4713 W. Mao
Category: Informational CNNIC
E. Chen
N. Hsu
TWNIC
J. Klensin
October 2006
Registration and Administration Recommendations for Chinese Domain Names
中文域名注册和管理建议
Status of This Memo
关于下段备忘
This memo provides information for the Internet community. It does not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
本备忘录为互联网社区提供信息。它没有规定任何类型的互联网标准。本备忘录的分发不受限制。
Copyright Notice
版权公告
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2006).
版权所有（C）互联网协会（2006年）。
IESG Note
IESG注释
This RFC is not a candidate for any level of Internet Standard. The IETF disclaims any knowledge of the fitness of this RFC for any purpose and in particular notes that the decision to publish is not based on IETF review for such things as security, congestion control, or inappropriate interaction with deployed protocols. The RFC Editor has chosen to publish this document at its discretion. Readers of this document should exercise caution in evaluating its value for implementation and deployment. See RFC 3932 for more information.
本RFC不适用于任何级别的互联网标准。IETF不承认本RFC适用于任何目的的任何知识，特别注意到，发布决定并非基于IETF对安全、拥塞控制或与已部署协议的不当交互等事项的审查。RFC编辑已自行决定发布本文件。本文档的读者在评估其实施和部署价值时应谨慎。有关更多信息，请参阅RFC 3932。
Abstract
摘要
Many Chinese characters in common use have variants, which makes most of the Chinese Domain Names (CDNs) have at least two different forms. The equivalence between Simplified Chinese (SC) and Traditional Chinese (TC) characters is very important for CDN registration. This memo builds on the basic concepts, general guidelines, and framework of RFC 3743 to specify proposed registration and administration procedures for Chinese domain names. The document provides the information needed for understanding and using the tables defined in the IANA table registrations for Simplified and Traditional Chinese.
许多常用汉字都有变体，这使得大多数中文域名至少有两种不同的形式。简体中文（SC）和繁体中文（TC）字符之间的等效性对于CDN注册非常重要。本备忘录以RFC 3743的基本概念、一般指南和框架为基础，详细说明中文域名的拟议注册和管理程序。本文件提供了理解和使用IANA简体中文和繁体中文表格注册中定义的表格所需的信息。
Table of Contents
目录
1. Introduction ....................................................2
2. Terminology .....................................................3
2.1. Chinese Characters .........................................3
2.2. Chinese Domain Name Label (CDNL) ...........................3
2.3. Simplified Chinese Variant Table (SCVT) ....................4
2.4. Traditional Chinese Variant Table (TCVT) ...................4
2.5. Original Chinese Domain Name Label (OCDNL) .................4
3. Procedure for Registration of Chinese Domain Name Labels ........4
3.1. Terminology and Context ....................................4
3.2. Procedure in Terms of the RFC 3743 Model ...................4
3.3. RFC 3743 Optional Registry Processing ......................5
4. Security Considerations .........................................5
5. Acknowledgements ................................................6
6. References ......................................................6
6.1. Normative References .......................................6
6.2. Informative References .....................................7
1. Introduction ....................................................2
2. Terminology .....................................................3
2.1. Chinese Characters .........................................3
2.2. Chinese Domain Name Label (CDNL) ...........................3
2.3. Simplified Chinese Variant Table (SCVT) ....................4
2.4. Traditional Chinese Variant Table (TCVT) ...................4
2.5. Original Chinese Domain Name Label (OCDNL) .................4
3. Procedure for Registration of Chinese Domain Name Labels ........4
3.1. Terminology and Context ....................................4
3.2. Procedure in Terms of the RFC 3743 Model ...................4
3.3. RFC 3743 Optional Registry Processing ......................5
4. Security Considerations .........................................5
5. Acknowledgements ................................................6
6. References ......................................................6
6.1. Normative References .......................................6
6.2. Informative References .....................................7
With the standardization of Internationalized Domain Names for Application (IDNA, described in [RFC3490], [RFC3491], and [RFC3492]), internationalized domain names (IDNs), i.e., those that contain non-ASCII characters, are included in the DNS, and users can access the Internet with their native languages, most of which are not English. However, many languages have special requirements, which are not addressed in the IDNA RFCs. One way to deal with some of the remaining issues involves grouping characters that could be confused together as "variants". The variant approach is discussed in RFC 4290 [RFC4290] and specifically for documents written in Chinese, Japanese, or Korean (CJK documents), in the so-called "JET Guidelines" RFC 3743 [RFC3743]. Readers of this document are assumed to be familiar with the concepts and terminology of the latter. The guidelines specified in this document provide a set of specific tables and methods required to apply the JET Guidelines to Chinese characters. For example, changes were made in the forms of a large number of Chinese characters during the last century to simplify writing and reading. These "Simplified" characters have been adopted in some Chinese-speaking communities, while others continue to use the "Traditional" forms. On the global Internet, if IDNA were used alone, there would be considerable potential for confusion if the two forms were not considered together. Consequently, effective use of Chinese Domain Names (CDNs) requires variant equivalence, as described in RFC 3743, to handle character differences between Simplified and Traditional Chinese forms.
随着应用程序国际化域名（IDNA，如[RFC3490]、[RFC3491]和[RFC3492]所述）的标准化，DNS中包括国际化域名（IDN），即包含非ASCII字符的域名，用户可以使用其母语（其中大多数不是英语）访问互联网。但是，许多语言都有特殊要求，IDNA RFC中没有解决这些要求。处理剩余问题的一种方法是将可能混淆为“变体”的字符分组。RFC 4290[RFC4290]中讨论了变体方法，特别是在所谓的“JET指南”RFC 3743[RFC3743]中讨论了以中文、日文或韩文编写的文档（CJK文档）。假定本文件的读者熟悉后者的概念和术语。本文件中规定的指南提供了一套将JET指南应用于汉字所需的具体表格和方法。例如，在上个世纪，大量汉字的形式发生了变化，以简化书写和阅读。一些社区继续使用简体字，而另一些社区则继续使用简体字。在全球互联网上，如果单独使用IDNA，如果不同时考虑这两种形式，将有相当大的潜在混淆。因此，如RFC3743所述，有效使用中文域名（CDN）需要变体等效，以处理简体中文和繁体中文之间的字符差异。
Chinese variant equivalence itself is very complicated in principle (please read [C2C] for further information). When it comes to the usage of Chinese domain names, the basic requirement is to match the user perception of Chinese characters between Simplified Chinese (SC) and Traditional Chinese (TC) forms. When users register SC or TC domain names, they will wish to obtain the other forms (Traditional or Simplified, respectively) as well, and expect others to be able to access the website or other resources in both forms.
中文变体等值本身在原则上非常复杂（请阅读[C2C]了解更多信息）。谈到中文域名的使用，基本要求是在简体中文（SC）和繁体中文（TC）表格之间匹配用户对汉字的感知。当用户注册SC或TC域名时，他们也希望获得其他形式（分别为繁体或简体），并希望其他人能够访问这两种形式的网站或其他资源。
This document specifies a solution for Chinese domain name registration and administration that has been adopted and deployed by CNNIC (the top-level domain registry for "CN") and TWNIC (the top-level domain registry for "TW") to manage Simplified Chinese and Traditional Chinese domain name equivalence. In the terminology of RFC 3743, this solution is based on Internationalized Domain Labels (IDLs).
本文件规定了CNNIC（“CN”顶级域名注册中心）和TWNIC（“TW”顶级域名注册中心）采用和部署的中文域名注册和管理解决方案，以管理简体中文和繁体中文域名的等效性。按照RFC3743的术语，此解决方案基于国际化域标签（IDL）。
This document adopts the terminologies that are defined in RFC 3743. It is not possible to understand this document without first understanding the concepts and terminology or RFC 3743, including terminology introduced in its examples. Additional terminology is defined later in this document.
本文件采用RFC 3743中定义的术语。如果不首先理解概念和术语或RFC 3743，包括其示例中介绍的术语，就不可能理解本文件。本文件后面将定义其他术语。
This document suggests permitting only a subset of Chinese characters in Chinese Domain Names (CDNs) and hence in the DNS. When this document discusses Chinese characters, it only refers to the subset of the characters in the first column of the current IANA registration tables for Chinese as discussed in Section 2.3 and Section 2.4. These are defined, in detail, in [LVT-SC] and [LVT-TC]. Of course, characters excluded from these tables are still valid Chinese characters. However, this document strongly suggests that registries do not permit any registration of Chinese characters that are not listed in the tables. The tables themselves will be updated in the future if necessary.
本文件建议仅允许在中文域名（CDN）中使用中文字符的子集，因此也允许在DNS中使用中文字符。当本文件讨论汉字时，仅参考第2.3节和第2.4节中讨论的当前IANA中文登记表第一列中的字符子集。这些在[LVT-SC]和[LVT-TC]中有详细定义。当然，这些汉字仍然被排除在表格之外。然而，本文件强烈建议，登记处不允许登记表中未列出的汉字。如有必要，这些表本身将在将来更新。
If an IDN label includes at least one Chinese character, it is called a Chinese Domain Name (CDN) Label. CDN labels may contain characters from the traditional letter-digit-hyphen (LDH) set as well as Chinese characters.
如果IDN标签至少包含一个中文字符，则称为中文域名（CDN）标签。CDN标签可能包含来自传统字母数字连字符（LDH）集的字符以及中文字符。
Based on RFC 3743 [RFC3743], a language table for Simplified Chinese has been defined [LVT-SC]. It can be used for the registration of Simplified Chinese domain names. The key feature of this table is that the preferred variant is the SC character, which is used by Chinese mainland users or defined in Chinese-related standards.
基于RFC 3743[RFC3743]，定义了简体中文语言表[LVT-SC]。可用于简体中文域名的注册。此表的主要特点是首选的变体是SC字符，中国大陆用户使用或在中国相关标准中定义。
Similarly, a language table has been defined for Traditional Chinese [LVT-TC]. It is also based on the rules of RFC 3743. It can be used for registration of Traditional Chinese domain names. The preferred variant is the TC character, which is used by Taiwan users or defined in related standards.
同样，为繁体中文[LVT-TC]定义了一个语言表。它也基于RFC 3743的规则。它可以用于注册繁体中文域名。首选的变体是TC字符，台湾用户使用或在相关标准中定义。
The Chinese Domain Name Label that users submit for registration.
用户提交注册的中文域名标签。
This document adopts the same procedure for Chinese Domain Name Label (CDNL) registration as the one defined for more general IDN labels in section 3.2.3 of RFC 3743 [RFC3743]. The terminology and notation used below, and the steps that are mentioned, derive from that document. In particular, "CV" is the character variant associated with an input character ("IN") and a language table. The language tables used here are those for Chinese as spoken and written in the Chinese mainland (ZH-CN) and on Taiwan (ZH-TW). "PV" is the selected Preferred Variant.
本文件采用的中文域名标签（CDNL）注册程序与RFC 3743[RFC3743]第3.2.3节中为更通用的IDN标签定义的程序相同。下面使用的术语和符号以及提及的步骤源自该文件。特别是，“CV”是与输入字符（“In”）和语言表关联的字符变体。这里使用的语言表是中国大陆（ZH-CN）和台湾（ZH-TW）的汉语口语和书面语言表。“PV”是选定的首选变量。
The first column of the Simplified Chinese Variant Table (SCVT) is the same as the first column of the corresponding Traditional Chinese Variant Table (TCVT) and so are the third columns of both tables. Consequently, the CV(IN, ZH-CN) will be same as the CV(IN, ZH-TW) after Step 3; the PV(IN, ZH-CN) is in SC form, and the PV(IN, ZH-TW) is in TC form. As a result, there will not be more than three records (i.e., for the original label (OCDNL), the Simplified Chinese (SC) form, and the Traditional Chinese (TC) form) to be added into the zone file after applying this procedure. In other words, the procedure does not generate labels that contain a mixture of Simplified and Traditional Chinese as variants.
简体中文变体表（SCVT）的第一列与相应的繁体中文变体表（TCVT）的第一列相同，两个表的第三列也相同。因此，在步骤3之后，CV（IN，ZH-CN）将与CV（IN，ZH-TW）相同；PV（IN，ZH-CN）为SC形式，PV（IN，ZH-TW）为TC形式。因此，应用此程序后，将不会有超过三条记录（即原始标签（OCDNL）、简体中文（SC）表格和繁体中文（TC）表格）添加到分区文件中。换句话说，该过程不会生成包含简体中文和繁体中文混合变体的标签。
The set of languages associated with the input (IN) is both ZH-CN and ZH-TW by default. The procedure for CDNL registration uses the optional registry-defined rules provided in RFC 3743 for optional processing, with the understanding that the rules may vary for different registries supporting CDNs. The motivation for such rules is described below.
默认情况下，与输入（IN）关联的语言集是ZH-CN和ZH-TW。CDNL注册过程使用RFC 3743中提供的可选注册表定义规则进行可选处理，但需要了解的是，支持CDN的不同注册表的规则可能有所不同。这些规则的动机如下所述。
The preferred variant(s) is/are TC in TCVT, and SC in SCVT. There may be more than one preferred variant for a given valid character.
首选变体为TCVT中的TC和SCVT中的SC。对于给定的有效字符，可能有多个首选变体。
In actuality, while IDNA, and hence RFC 3743, process characters one at a time, the actual relationship between the valid code point and the preferred variant is contextual: whether one character can be substituted for another depends on the characters with which it is associated in a label or, more generally, in a phrase. In particular, some of the preferred variants make no sense in combination with other characters; therefore, those combinations should not be added into the Zone file (described as "ZV" or zone variants in RFC 3743). If desired, it should be possible to define and implement rules to reduce the preferred variant labels to only plausible ones. This could be done, for example, with some artificial intelligence tools, or with feedback from the registrant, or with selection based on frequency of occurrence in other texts. To illustrate one possibility, the OCDNL could be required to be TC-only or SC-only, and if there is more than one preferred variant, the OCDNL will be used as the PV, instead of the PV produced by the algorithm.
事实上，虽然IDNA和RFC 3743一次处理一个字符，但有效代码点和首选变体之间的实际关系是上下文关系：是否可以用一个字符替换另一个字符取决于标签或短语中与其关联的字符。特别是，一些首选变体与其他字符组合时毫无意义；因此，不应将这些组合添加到区域文件中（在RFC 3743中称为“ZV”或区域变体）。如果需要，应该可以定义和实施规则，将首选变量标签减少为合理的标签。例如，可以使用一些人工智能工具，或者注册人的反馈，或者根据其他文本中出现的频率进行选择。为了说明一种可能性，可以要求OCDNL仅为TC或SC，如果存在多个首选变量，则OCDNL将用作PV，而不是算法生成的PV。
To reemphasize, the tables in [LVT-SC] and [LVT-TC] follow the table format and terminologies defined in [RFC3743]. If one intends to implement Chinese domain name registrations based on these two tables or ones similar to them, a complete understanding of RFC 3743 is needed for the proper use of those tables.
为了再次强调，[LVT-SC]和[LVT-TC]中的表格遵循[RFC3743]中定义的表格格式和术语。如果打算基于这两个表或类似的表进行中文域名注册，则需要完全了解RFC 3743，以便正确使用这些表。
This document is subject to the same security considerations as RFC 3743, which defines the table formats and operations. As with that base document, part of its intent is to reduce the security problems that might be caused by confusion among characters with similar appearances or meanings. While it will not introduce any additional security issues, additional registration restrictions such as those outlined in Section 3 may further reduce potential problems.
本文档遵循与RFC 3743相同的安全注意事项，RFC 3743定义了表格式和操作。与该基本文档一样，它的部分目的是减少由于具有相似外观或含义的字符之间的混淆而可能导致的安全问题。虽然它不会带来任何额外的安全问题，但第3节中概述的额外注册限制可能会进一步减少潜在的问题。
Thanks to these people for their suggestions and for their efforts to bring this tough work to conclusion and to promote the results: WANG YanFeng, Ai-Chin LU, Shian-Shyong TSENG, QIAN HuaLin, and Li-Ming TSENG.
感谢这些人的建议，感谢他们努力完成这项艰巨的工作并促进成果：王艳峰、艾金路、曾世勇、钱华林和曾李明。
The authors especially thank Joe ZHANG and XiaoMing WANG for their outstanding contributions on SCVT in [LVT-SC]. Also, thanks to Kenny HUANG, Zheng-Wei LIN, Shi-Xiong TSENG, Lie-Neng WU, Cheng-Wu PAN, Lin-Mei WEI, and Qi-Qing HSU for their efforts and contributions on editing the TCVT in [LVT-TC]. These experts provided basic materials or gave very crucial suggestions and principles to accomplish these two variant tables.
作者特别感谢Joe ZHANG和XiaoMing WANG在[LVT-SC]中对SCVT的杰出贡献。此外，感谢黄建豪、林郑伟、曾世雄、吴列能、潘成武、林美伟和徐齐青在[LVT-TC]中编辑TCVT的努力和贡献。这些专家提供了基本资料或提出了非常重要的建议和原则，以完成这两个不同的表格。
The authors also gratefully acknowledge the contributions of those who commented and made suggestions on this document, including James SENG, and other JET members.
作者还感谢对本文件发表评论和提出建议的人的贡献，包括James SENG和其他JET成员。
[LVT-SC] QIAN, H. and X. LEE, ".CN Chinese Character Table", IANA IDN Languages Tables, March 2005.
[LVT-SC]钱，H.和X.李，“.CN汉字表”，IANA IDN语言表，2005年3月。
[LVT-TC] LU, A., ".TW Traditional Chinese Character Table", IANA IDN Languages Tables, March 2005.
[LVT-TC]吕安，“.TW繁体汉字表”，IANA IDN语言表，2005年3月。
[RFC3490] Faltstrom, P., Hoffman, P., and A. Costello, "Internationalizing Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)", RFC 3490, March 2003.
[RFC3490]Faltstrom，P.，Hoffman，P.，和A.Costello，“应用程序中的域名国际化（IDNA）”，RFC 34902003年3月。
[RFC3491] Hoffman, P. and M. Blanchet, "Nameprep: A Stringprep Profile for Internationalized Domain Names (IDN)", RFC 3491, March 2003.
[RFC3491]Hoffman，P.和M.Blanchet，“Nameprep：国际化域名（IDN）的Stringprep配置文件”，RFC 3491，2003年3月。
[RFC3492] Costello, A., "Punycode: A Bootstring encoding of Unicode for Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA)", RFC 3492, March 2003.
[RFC3492]Costello，A.，“Punycode：应用程序中国际化域名的Unicode引导字符串编码（IDNA）”，RFC 3492，2003年3月。
[RFC3743] Konishi, K., Huang, K., Qian, H., and Y. Ko, "Joint Engineering Team (JET) Guidelines for Internationalized Domain Names (IDN) Registration and Administration for Chinese, Japanese, and Korean", RFC 3743, April 2004.
[RFC3743]Konishi，K.，Huang，K.，Qian，H.，和Y.Ko，“中国，日本和韩国的国际域名（IDN）注册和管理联合工程团队（JET）指南”，RFC 37432004年4月。
[C2C] Halpern, J. and J. Kerman, "Pitfalls and Complexities of Chinese to Chinese Conversion", International Unicode Conference (14th) in Boston, March 1999.
[C2C]Halpern，J.和J.Kerman，“中文转换的陷阱和复杂性”，1999年3月在波士顿举行的国际Unicode会议（第14届）。
[RFC4290] Klensin, J., "Suggested Practices for Registration of Internationalized Domain Names (IDN)", RFC 4290, December 2005.
[RFC4290]Klensin，J.，“国际域名（IDN）注册的建议做法”，RFC 42902005年12月。
Authors' Addresses
作者地址
LEE Xiaodong CNNIC, No.4 South 4th Street, Zhongguancun Beijing 100080 Phone: +86 10 58813020
李晓东CNNIC，北京中关村南四街4号100080电话：+86 10 58813020
EMail: lee@cnnic.cn
URI: http://www.cnnic.cn
EMail: lee@cnnic.cn
URI: http://www.cnnic.cn
MAO Wei CNNIC, No.4 South 4th Street, Zhongguancun Beijing 100080
北京中关村南四街4号茂维CNNIC 100080
Phone: +86 10 58813055
EMail: mao@cnnic.cn
URI: http://www.cnnic.cn
Phone: +86 10 58813055
EMail: mao@cnnic.cn
URI: http://www.cnnic.cn
Erin CHEN TWNIC, 4F-2, No. 9, Sec. 2, Roosevelt Rd. Taipei 100 Phone: +886 2 23411313
陈爱玲，4F-2，9号，第二节。台北市罗斯福路2号100电话：+88622341113
EMail: erin@twnic.net.tw
URI: http://www.twnic.net.tw
EMail: erin@twnic.net.tw
URI: http://www.twnic.net.tw
Nai-Wen HSU TWNIC, 4F-2, No. 9, Sec. 2, Roosevelt Rd. Taipei 100
徐乃文TWNIC，4F-2，第9号，第。台北市罗斯福路2号100
Phone: +886 2 23411313
EMail: snw@twnic.net.tw
URI: http://www.twnic.net.tw
Phone: +886 2 23411313
EMail: snw@twnic.net.tw
URI: http://www.twnic.net.tw
John C KLENSIN 1770 Massachusetts Ave, #322 Cambridge, MA 02140 USA
美国马萨诸塞州剑桥市322号马萨诸塞大道1770号约翰·C·克伦辛，邮编：02140
Phone: +1 617 491 5735
EMail: john+ietf@jck.com
Phone: +1 617 491 5735
EMail: john+ietf@jck.com
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知识产权
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IETF对可能声称与本文件所述技术的实施或使用有关的任何知识产权或其他权利的有效性或范围，或此类权利下的任何许可可能或可能不可用的程度，不采取任何立场；它也不表示它已作出任何独立努力来确定任何此类权利。有关RFC文件中权利的程序信息，请参见BCP 78和BCP 79。
Copies of IPR disclosures made to the IETF Secretariat and any assurances of licenses to be made available, or the result of an attempt made to obtain a general license or permission for the use of such proprietary rights by implementers or users of this specification can be obtained from the IETF on-line IPR repository at http://www.ietf.org/ipr.
向IETF秘书处披露的知识产权副本和任何许可证保证，或本规范实施者或用户试图获得使用此类专有权利的一般许可证或许可的结果，可从IETF在线知识产权存储库获取，网址为http://www.ietf.org/ipr.
The IETF invites any interested party to bring to its attention any copyrights, patents or patent applications, or other proprietary rights that may cover technology that may be required to implement this standard. Please address the information to the IETF at ietf-ipr@ietf.org.
IETF邀请任何相关方提请其注意任何版权、专利或专利申请，或其他可能涵盖实施本标准所需技术的专有权利。请将信息发送至IETF的IETF-ipr@ietf.org.
Acknowledgement
确认
Funding for the RFC Editor function is provided by the IETF Administrative Support Activity (IASA).
RFC编辑器功能的资金由IETF行政支持活动（IASA）提供。