Network Working Group S. Poretsky
Request for Comments: 4689 Reef Point Systems
Category: Informational J. Perser
Veriwave
S. Erramilli
Telcordia
S. Khurana
Motorola
October 2006
Network Working Group S. Poretsky
Request for Comments: 4689 Reef Point Systems
Category: Informational J. Perser
Veriwave
S. Erramilli
Telcordia
S. Khurana
Motorola
October 2006
Terminology for Benchmarking Network-layer Traffic Control Mechanisms
网络层流量控制机制基准测试术语
Status of This Memo
关于下段备忘
This memo provides information for the Internet community. It does not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
本备忘录为互联网社区提供信息。它没有规定任何类型的互联网标准。本备忘录的分发不受限制。
Copyright Notice
版权公告
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2006).
版权所有（C）互联网协会（2006年）。
Abstract
摘要
This document describes terminology for the benchmarking of devices that implement traffic control using packet classification based on defined criteria. The terminology is to be applied to measurements made on the data plane to evaluate IP traffic control mechanisms. Rules for packet classification can be based on any field in the IP header, such as the Differentiated Services Code Point (DSCP), or any field in the packet payload, such as port number.
本文档描述了使用基于定义标准的数据包分类实现流量控制的设备基准测试术语。该术语适用于在数据平面上进行的测量，以评估IP流量控制机制。分组分类规则可以基于IP报头中的任何字段，例如区分服务代码点（DSCP），或者分组有效负载中的任何字段，例如端口号。
Table of Contents
目录
1. Introduction ....................................................2
2. Existing Definitions ............................................3
3. Term Definitions ................................................4
3.1. Configuration Terms ........................................4
3.1.1. Classification ......................................4
3.1.2. Codepoint Set .......................................4
3.1.3. Forwarding Congestion ...............................5
3.1.4. Congestion Management ...............................6
3.1.5. Flow ................................................7
3.2. Measurement Terms ..........................................7
3.2.1. Forwarding Capacity .................................7
3.2.2. Conforming Packet ...................................8
3.2.3. Nonconforming Packet ................................9
3.2.4. Forwarding Delay ....................................9
3.2.5. Jitter .............................................11
3.2.6. Undifferentiated Response ..........................11
3.3. Sequence Tracking .........................................12
3.3.1. Test Sequence Number ...............................12
3.3.2. Stream .............................................12
3.3.3. In-Sequence Packet .................................13
3.3.4. Out-of-Order Packet ................................14
3.3.5. Duplicate Packet ...................................14
3.4. Vectors ...................................................15
3.4.1. Intended Vector ....................................15
3.4.2. Offered Vector .....................................16
3.4.3. Expected Vectors ...................................16
3.4.4. Output Vectors .....................................23
4. Security Considerations ........................................30
5. Acknowledgements ...............................................30
6. References .....................................................31
6.1. Normative References ......................................31
6.2. Informative References ....................................31
1. Introduction ....................................................2
2. Existing Definitions ............................................3
3. Term Definitions ................................................4
3.1. Configuration Terms ........................................4
3.1.1. Classification ......................................4
3.1.2. Codepoint Set .......................................4
3.1.3. Forwarding Congestion ...............................5
3.1.4. Congestion Management ...............................6
3.1.5. Flow ................................................7
3.2. Measurement Terms ..........................................7
3.2.1. Forwarding Capacity .................................7
3.2.2. Conforming Packet ...................................8
3.2.3. Nonconforming Packet ................................9
3.2.4. Forwarding Delay ....................................9
3.2.5. Jitter .............................................11
3.2.6. Undifferentiated Response ..........................11
3.3. Sequence Tracking .........................................12
3.3.1. Test Sequence Number ...............................12
3.3.2. Stream .............................................12
3.3.3. In-Sequence Packet .................................13
3.3.4. Out-of-Order Packet ................................14
3.3.5. Duplicate Packet ...................................14
3.4. Vectors ...................................................15
3.4.1. Intended Vector ....................................15
3.4.2. Offered Vector .....................................16
3.4.3. Expected Vectors ...................................16
3.4.4. Output Vectors .....................................23
4. Security Considerations ........................................30
5. Acknowledgements ...............................................30
6. References .....................................................31
6.1. Normative References ......................................31
6.2. Informative References ....................................31
New terminology is needed because most existing measurements assume the absence of congestion and only a single per-hop behavior. This document introduces several new terms that will allow measurements to be taken during periods of congestion.
需要新的术语，因为大多数现有的测量都假设没有拥塞，并且只有一个单跳行为。本文件介绍了几个新术语，允许在拥堵期间进行测量。
Another key difference from existing terminology is the definition of measurements as observed on egress and ingress of a device/system under test. Again, the existence of congestion requires the addition of egress measurements, as well as of those taken on ingress; without observing traffic leaving a device/system, it is not possible to say whether traffic-control mechanisms effectively dealt with congestion.
与现有术语的另一个关键区别是，在被测设备/系统进出口时观察到的测量定义。同样，拥塞的存在需要增加出口测量值以及入口测量值；如果不观察离开设备/系统的流量，就无法判断流量控制机制是否有效地处理了拥塞。
The principal measurements introduced in this document are vectors for rate, delay, and jitter, all of which can be observed with or without congestion of the Device Under Test (DUT)/System Under Test (SUT). This document describes only those terms relevant to measuring behavior of a DUT or SUT at the egress during periods of congestion. End-to-end and service-level measurements are beyond the scope of this document.
本文件中介绍的主要测量值是速率、延迟和抖动矢量，所有这些都可以在有或无被测设备（DUT）/被测系统（SUT）拥塞的情况下观察到。本文件仅描述了在拥挤期间测量DUT或SUT在出口处行为的相关术语。端到端和服务级别度量超出了本文档的范围。
RFC 1224, "Techniques for Managing Asynchronously Generated Alerts" [St91], is used for 'Time with fine enough units to distinguish between two events'.
RFC 1224，“管理异步生成警报的技术”[St91]用于“具有足够精细的单位以区分两个事件的时间”。
RFC 1242, "Benchmarking Terminology for Network Interconnect Devices", and RFC 2285, "Benchmarking Terminology for LAN Switching Devices", should be consulted before attempting to make use of this document.
在尝试使用本文件之前，应参考RFC 1242“网络互连设备的基准术语”和RFC 2285“LAN交换设备的基准术语”。
RFC 2474, "Definition of the Differentiated Services Field (DS Field) in the IPv4 and IPv6 Headers", section 2, contains discussions of a number of terms relevant to network-layer traffic control mechanisms and should also be consulted.
RFC 2474，“IPv4和IPv6报头中区分服务字段（DS字段）的定义”第2节包含了与网络层流量控制机制相关的许多术语的讨论，也应参考。
For the sake of clarity and continuity, this RFC adopts the template for definitions set out in Section 2 of RFC 1242. Definitions are indexed and grouped together in sections for ease of reference.
为了清晰和连续性，本RFC采用RFC 1242第2节规定的定义模板。为了便于参考，定义被编入索引并分组在各个部分中。
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14, RFC 2119 [Br97]. RFC 2119 defines the use of these key words to help make the intent of standards track documents as clear as possible. While this document uses these keywords, this document is not a standards track document.
本文件中的关键词“必须”、“不得”、“要求”、“应”、“不应”、“应”、“不应”、“建议”、“可”和“可选”应按照BCP 14、RFC 2119[Br97]中的说明进行解释。RFC 2119定义了这些关键词的使用，以帮助尽可能明确标准跟踪文档的意图。虽然本文档使用这些关键字，但本文档不是标准跟踪文档。
DA Destination Address DS DiffServ DSCP DiffServ Code Point DUT Device Under Test IP Internet Protocol PHB Per Hop Behavior SA Source Address SUT System Under Test
DA目标地址DS DiffServ DSCP DiffServ代码点DUT测试中的设备IP Internet协议PHB每跳行为SA源地址SUT测试中的系统
Definition: Selection of packets according to defined rules.
定义：根据定义的规则选择数据包。
Discussion: Classification determines the per-hop behaviors and traffic conditioning functions, such as shaping and dropping, that are to be applied to the packet.
讨论：分类决定了应用于数据包的每跳行为和流量调节功能，如整形和丢弃。
Classification of packets can be based on the DS field or IP Precedence in the packet header. Classification can be based on other IP header fields, such as IP Source Address (SA), Destination Address (DA), and protocol, or on fields in the packet payload, such as port number. Classification can also be based on ingress interface. It is possible to base classification on Multi-Field (MF) criteria such as IP source and destination addresses, protocol, and port number. For further discussion of packet classification and its network applications, see [Bl98].
数据包的分类可以基于数据包报头中的DS字段或IP优先级。分类可以基于其他IP头字段，例如IP源地址（SA）、目标地址（DA）和协议，或者基于数据包有效负载中的字段，例如端口号。分类也可以基于入口接口。可以根据多字段（MF）标准（如IP源地址和目标地址、协议和端口号）进行分类。有关数据包分类及其网络应用的进一步讨论，请参见[Bl98]。
Measurement units: n/a
计量单位：不适用
See Also: None
另见：无
Definition: The set of all DS Code-points or IP precedence values used during the test duration.
定义：测试期间使用的所有DS代码点或IP优先值的集合。
Discussion: Describes all the code-point markings associated with packets that are input to the DUT/SUT. For each entry in the codepoint set, there are associated vectors describing the rate of traffic, delay, loss, or jitter containing that particular DSCP or IP precedence value.
讨论：描述与输入DUT/SUT的数据包相关的所有代码点标记。对于码点集中的每个条目，都有相关的向量来描述包含特定DSCP或IP优先级值的流量、延迟、丢失或抖动的速率。
The treatment that a packet belonging to a particular code-point gets is subject to the DUT classifying packets to map to the correct PHB. Moreover, the forwarding treatment in general is also dependent on the complete set of offered vectors.
属于特定代码点的数据包得到的处理取决于DUT对数据包进行分类以映射到正确的PHB。此外，转发处理通常也依赖于提供的向量的完整集合。
Measurement Units: n/a
计量单位：不适用
See Also: None
另见：无
Definition: A condition in which one or more egress interfaces are offered more packets than are forwarded.
定义：一个或多个出口接口被提供的数据包多于被转发的数据包的情况。
Discussion: This condition is a superset of the overload definition [Ma98]. Overload [Ma98] deals with overloading input and output interfaces beyond the maximum transmission allowed by the medium. Forwarding congestion does not assume ingress interface overload as the only source of overload on output interfaces.
讨论：此条件是重载定义[Ma98]的超集。过载[Ma98]处理超出介质允许的最大传输范围的输入和输出接口过载。转发拥塞并不认为入口接口过载是输出接口过载的唯一来源。
Another difference between Forwarding Congestion and overload occurs when the SUT comprises multiple elements, in that Forwarding Congestion may occur at multiple points. Consider an SUT comprising multiple edge devices exchanging traffic with a single core device. Depending on traffic patterns, the edge devices may induce Forwarding Congestion on multiple egress interfaces on the core device.
当SUT包含多个元素时，转发拥塞和过载之间的另一个区别在于转发拥塞可能发生在多个点上。考虑包括多个边缘设备的SUT，该设备与单个核心设备交换业务。根据业务模式，边缘设备可在核心设备上的多个出口接口上引起转发拥塞。
Throughput [Br91] defines the lower boundary of Forwarding Congestion. Throughput is the maximum offered rate with no Forwarding Congestion. At offered rates above throughput, the DUT/SUT is considered to be in a state of Forwarding Congestion.
吞吐量[Br91]定义转发拥塞的下限。吞吐量是在没有转发拥塞的情况下提供的最大速率。在提供的速率高于吞吐量时，DUT/SUT被认为处于转发拥塞状态。
Packet Loss, not increased Forwarding Delay, is the external observable metric used to indicate the condition of Forwarding Congestion. Packet Loss is a deterministic indicator of Forwarding Congestion. The condition of increased Forwarding Delay without Packet Loss is an indicator of Forwarding Congestion known as Incipient Congestion. Incipient Congestion is a non-deterministic indicator of Forwarding Congestion [Fl93]. As stated in [Ec98], RED [Br98] detects incipient congestion before the buffer overflows, but the current Internet environment is limited to packet loss as the mechanism for indicating congestion to the end-nodes. [Ra99] implies that it is impractical to build a black-box test to observe Incipient Congestion. [Ra99] instead introduces Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) as a deterministic Black-Box method for observing Incipient Congestion. [Ra99] is an Experimental RFC with limited deployment, so ECN is not used for this particular methodology. For the purpose of
数据包丢失，而不是增加的转发延迟，是用于指示转发拥塞状况的外部可观察指标。数据包丢失是转发拥塞的决定性指标。转发延迟增加而不丢失数据包的情况是转发拥塞的一个指标，称为初始拥塞。初期拥塞是转发拥塞的非确定性指标[Fl93]。如[Ec98]所述，RED[Br98]在缓冲区溢出之前检测到初始拥塞，但当前互联网环境仅限于数据包丢失，作为向终端节点指示拥塞的机制。[Ra99]意味着建立黑盒测试来观察初期拥堵是不切实际的。[Ra99]引入了显式拥塞通知（ECN）作为观察初期拥塞的确定性黑盒方法。[Ra99]是一种试验性RFC，部署有限，因此ECN不用于此特定方法。为了
"black-box" testing a DUT/SUT, this methodology uses Packet Loss as the indicator of Forwarding Congestion.
“黑盒”测试DUT/SUT时，该方法使用数据包丢失作为转发拥塞的指标。
Ingress observations alone are not sufficient to cover all cases in which Forwarding Congestion may occur. A device with an infinite amount of memory could buffer an infinite number of packets and eventually forward all of them. However, these packets may or may not be forwarded during the test duration. Congestion Collapse [Na84] is defined as the state in which buffers are full and all arriving packets MUST be dropped across the network. Even though ingress interfaces accept all packets without loss, Forwarding Congestion is present in this hypothetical device.
仅入口观察不足以涵盖可能发生转发拥塞的所有情况。拥有无限内存的设备可以缓冲无限多的数据包，并最终转发所有数据包。然而，这些数据包在测试期间可以转发，也可以不转发。拥塞崩溃[Na84]定义为缓冲区已满且所有到达的数据包必须通过网络丢弃的状态。即使入口接口接受所有数据包而不丢失，在这个假设的设备中也存在转发拥塞。
The definition presented here explicitly defines Forwarding Congestion as an event observable on egress interfaces. Regardless of internal architecture, any device exhibiting Packet Loss on one or more egress interfaces is experiencing Forwarding Congestion.
这里给出的定义明确地将转发拥塞定义为在出口接口上可观察到的事件。无论内部架构如何，在一个或多个出口接口上出现数据包丢失的任何设备都会遇到转发拥塞。
Measurement units: None
计量单位：无
See Also: Gateway Congestion Control Survey [Ma91]
另见：网关拥塞控制调查[Ma91]
Definition: An implementation of one or more per-hop behaviors to avoid or minimize the condition of congestion.
定义：一个或多个每跳行为的实现，以避免或最小化拥塞情况。
Discussion: Congestion management may seek either to control congestion or avoid it altogether through Classification.
讨论：拥塞管理可能寻求通过分类来控制拥塞或完全避免拥塞。
Congestion avoidance mechanisms seek to prevent congestion before it actually occurs.
拥塞避免机制寻求在拥塞实际发生之前防止拥塞。
Congestion control mechanisms give one or more flows (with a discrete IP Precedence or DSCP value) preferential treatment over other classes during periods of congestion.
拥塞控制机制在拥塞期间为一个或多个流（具有离散IP优先级或DSCP值）提供优于其他类的优先处理。
Measurement units: n/a
计量单位：不适用
See Also: Classification
另见：分类
Definition: A flow is one or more packets sharing a common intended pair of ingress and egress interfaces.
定义：流是一个或多个数据包共享一对公共的入口和出口接口。
Discussion: Packets are grouped by the ingress and egress interfaces they use on a given DUT/SUT.
讨论：数据包按其在给定DUT/SUT上使用的入口和出口接口分组。
A flow can contain multiple source IP addresses and/or destination IP addresses. All packets in a flow MUST enter on the same ingress interface and exit on the same egress interface and have some common network layer content.
一个流可以包含多个源IP地址和/或目标IP地址。流中的所有数据包必须在同一入口接口上进入，在同一出口接口上退出，并且具有一些公共网络层内容。
Microflows [Ni98] are a subset of flows. As defined in [Ni98], microflows require application-to-application measurement. In contrast, flows use lower-layer classification criteria. Since this document focuses on network-layer classification criteria, it concentrates here on the use of network-layer identifiers in describing a flow. Flow identifiers also may reside at the data-link, transport, or application layers of the OSI model. However, identifiers other than those at the network layer are out of scope for this document.
微流[Ni98]是流动的一个子集。如[Ni98]中所定义，微流需要应用到应用测量。相反，流使用较低的层分类标准。由于本文档的重点是网络层分类标准，因此本文将重点介绍在描述流时网络层标识符的使用。流标识符也可以驻留在OSI模型的数据链路层、传输层或应用层。但是，网络层以外的标识符不在本文档的范围内。
A flow may contain a single code point/IP precedence value or may contain multiple values destined for a single egress interface. This is determined by the test methodology.
流可以包含单个代码点/IP优先级值，也可以包含多个指向单个出口接口的值。这取决于测试方法。
Measurement units: n/a
计量单位：不适用
See Also: Microflow [Ni98] Streams
另见：微流[Ni98]流
Definition: The number of packets per second that a device can be observed to transmit successfully to the correct egress interface in response to a specified offered load while the device drops none of the offered packets.
定义：当设备未丢弃任何提供的数据包时，设备每秒可观察到的数据包数，以响应指定的提供负载，成功传输到正确的出口接口。
Discussion: Forwarding Capacity measures the packet rate at the egress interface(s) of the DUT/SUT. In contrast, throughput (as defined in RFC 1242) measures the packet rate at the ingress interface(s) of the DUT/SUT.
讨论：转发容量测量DUT/SUT出口接口处的数据包速率。相反，吞吐量（如RFC 1242中所定义）测量DUT/SUT的入口接口处的分组速率。
Ingress-based measurements do not account for queuing of the DUT/SUT. Throughput rates can be higher than the Forwarding Capacity because of queueing. The difference is dependent upon test duration, packet rate, and queue size. Forwarding Capacity, as an egress measurement, does take queuing into account.
基于入口的测量不考虑DUT/SUT的排队。由于排队，吞吐量可能高于转发容量。差异取决于测试持续时间、数据包速率和队列大小。转发容量，作为一种出口度量，确实考虑了排队。
Understanding Forwarding Capacity is a necessary precursor to any measurement involving Traffic Control Mechanisms. The accompanying methodology document MUST take into consideration Forwarding Capacity when determining the expected forwarding vectors. When the sum of the expected forwarding vectors on an interface exceeds the Forwarding Capacity, the Forwarding Capacity will govern the forwarding rate.
了解转发容量是任何涉及流量控制机制的测量的必要前提。在确定预期的转发向量时，随附的方法文件必须考虑到转发容量。当接口上的预期转发向量之和超过转发容量时，转发容量将控制转发速率。
This measurement differs from forwarding rate at maximum offered load (FRMOL) [Ma98] in that the Forwarding Capacity requires zero loss.
该测量与最大提供负载（FRMOL）[Ma98]下的转发速率不同，因为转发容量要求零损耗。
Measurement units: N-octet packets per second
测量单位：每秒N个八位组数据包
See Also: Throughput [Br91] Forwarding Rate at Maximum Offered Load [Ma98]
另请参见：最大提供负载下的吞吐量[Br91]转发速率[Ma98]
Definition: Packets that lie within specific rate, delay, or jitter bounds.
定义：在特定速率、延迟或抖动范围内的数据包。
Discussion: A DUT/SUT may be configured to allow a given traffic class to consume a given amount of bandwidth, or to fall within predefined delay or jitter boundaries. All packets that lie within specified bounds are then said to be conforming, whereas those outside the bounds are nonconforming.
讨论：DUT/SUT可被配置为允许给定通信量类别消耗给定数量的带宽，或落在预定义的延迟或抖动边界内。然后，所有位于指定边界内的数据包被称为符合，而那些位于边界外的数据包则是不符合。
Measurement units: n/a
计量单位：不适用
See Also: Expected Vector Forwarding Vector Offered Vector Nonconforming
另请参见：预期矢量转发矢量提供矢量不一致
Definition: Packets that do not lie within specific rate, delay, or jitter bounds.
定义：不在特定速率、延迟或抖动范围内的数据包。
Discussion: A DUT/SUT may be configured to allow a given traffic class to consume a given amount of bandwidth, or to fall within predefined delay or jitter boundaries. All packets that do not lie within these bounds are then said to be nonconforming.
讨论：DUT/SUT可被配置为允许给定通信量类别消耗给定数量的带宽，或落在预定义的延迟或抖动边界内。所有不在这些界限内的数据包都被称为不合格数据包。
Measurement units: n/a
计量单位：不适用
See Also: Expected Vector Forwarding Vector Offered Vector Conforming
另请参见：预期矢量转发矢量提供矢量一致性
Definition: The time interval starting when the last bit of the input IP packet is offered to the input port of the DUT/SUT and ending when the last bit of the output IP packet is received from the output port of the DUT/SUT.
定义：从输入IP包的最后一位提供给DUT/SUT的输入端口开始，到从DUT/SUT的输出端口接收到输出IP包的最后一位结束的时间间隔。
Discussion: The delay time interval MUST be externally observed. The delay measurement MUST NOT include delays added by test bed components other than the DUT/SUT, such as propagation time introduced by cabling or non-zero delay added by the test instrument. Forwarding Delay differs from latency [Br91] and one-way delay [Al99] in several key regards:
讨论：必须从外部观察延迟时间间隔。延迟测量不得包括DUT/SUT以外的试验台组件增加的延迟，例如电缆引入的传播时间或测试仪器增加的非零延迟。转发延迟在几个关键方面不同于延迟[Br91]和单向延迟[Al99]：
1. Latency [Br91] assumes knowledge of whether the DUT/SUT uses "store and forward" or "bit forwarding" technology. Forwarding Delay is the same metric, measured the same way, regardless of the architecture of the DUT/SUT.
1. 延迟[Br91]假定知道DUT/SUT是使用“存储转发”还是“位转发”技术。无论DUT/SUT的架构如何，转发延迟都是相同的度量，以相同的方式测量。
2. Forwarding Delay is a last-in, last-out (LILO) measurement, unlike the last-in, first-out method [Br91] or the first-in, last-out method [Al99].
2. 转发延迟是一种后进后出（LILO）测量，与后进先出方法[Br91]或先进后出方法[Al99]不同。
The LILO method most closely simulates the way a network-layer device actually processes an IP datagram. IP datagrams are not passed up and down the stack unless they are complete, and processing begins only once the last bit of the IP datagram has been received.
LILO方法最接近于模拟网络层设备实际处理IP数据报的方式。除非IP数据报已完成，否则不会在堆栈中上下传递，并且处理仅在收到IP数据报的最后一位后开始。
Further, the LILO method has an additive property, where the sum of the parts MUST equal the whole. This is a key difference from [Br91] and [Al99]. For example, the delay added by two DUTs MUST equal the sum of the delay of the DUTs. This may or may not be the case with [Br91] and [Al99].
此外，LILO方法具有相加特性，其中部分之和必须等于整体。这是与[Br91]和[Al99]的关键区别。例如，两个DUT增加的延迟必须等于DUT延迟的总和。[Br91]和[Al99]的情况可能是这样，也可能不是这样。
3. Forwarding Delay measures the IP datagram only, unlike [Br91], which also includes link-layer overhead.
3. 转发延迟仅测量IP数据报，与[Br91]不同，后者还包括链路层开销。
A metric focused exclusively on the Internet protocol relieves the tester from specifying the start/end for every link-layer protocol that IP runs on. This avoids the need to determine whether the start/stop delimiters are included. It also allows the use of heterogeneous link-layer protocols in a test.
专门关注Internet协议的指标使测试人员不必为IP运行的每个链路层协议指定开始/结束。这样就无需确定是否包含开始/停止分隔符。它还允许在测试中使用异构链路层协议。
4. Forwarding Delay can be measured at any offered load, whereas the latency methodology [Br99] recommends measurement at, and only at, the throughput level. Comparing the Forwarding Delay below the throughput to Forwarding Delay above the Forwarding Capacity will give insight to the traffic control mechanisms.
4. 转发延迟可以在任何提供的负载下进行测量，而延迟方法[Br99]建议在吞吐量级别进行测量，并且仅在吞吐量级别进行测量。将低于吞吐量的转发延迟与高于转发容量的转发延迟进行比较，可以深入了解流量控制机制。
For example, non-congested delay may be measured with an offered load that does not exceed the Forwarding Capacity, while congested delay may involve an offered load that exceeds the Forwarding Capacity.
例如，可使用不超过转发容量的提供负载来测量非拥塞延迟，而拥塞延迟可涉及超过转发容量的提供负载。
Note: Forwarding Delay SHOULD NOT be used as an absolute indicator of DUT/SUT Forwarding Congestion. While Forwarding Delay may rise when offered load nears or exceeds the Forwarding Capacity, there is no universal point at which Forwarding Delay can be said to indicate the presence or absence of Forwarding Congestion.
注意：转发延迟不应用作DUT/SUT转发拥塞的绝对指标。虽然当提供的负载接近或超过转发容量时，转发延迟可能会增加，但没有一个通用点可以说转发延迟指示是否存在转发拥塞。
Measurement units: milliseconds
测量单位：毫秒
See Also:
Latency [Br91]
Latency [Al99]
One-way Delay [Br99]
See Also:
Latency [Br91]
Latency [Al99]
One-way Delay [Br99]
Definition: The absolute value of the difference between the Forwarding Delay of two consecutive received packets belonging to the same stream.
定义：属于同一流的两个连续接收数据包的转发延迟之差的绝对值。
Discussion: The Forwarding Delay fluctuation between two consecutive received packets in a stream is reported as the jitter. Jitter can be expressed as |D(i) - D(i-1)|, where D equals the Forwarding Delay and i is the order the packets were received.
讨论：流中两个连续接收数据包之间的转发延迟波动被报告为抖动。抖动可以表示为| D（i）-D（i-1）|，其中D等于转发延迟，i是接收数据包的顺序。
Under loss, jitter can be measured between non-consecutive test sequence numbers. When IP Traffic Control Mechanisms are dropping packets, fluctuating Forwarding Delay may be observed. Jitter MUST be able to benchmark the delay variation independently of packet loss.
在丢失情况下，可以测量非连续测试序列号之间的抖动。当IP流量控制机制丢弃数据包时，可能会观察到波动的转发延迟。抖动必须能够独立于数据包丢失对延迟变化进行基准测试。
Jitter is related to the IPDV [De02] (IP Delay Variation) by taking the absolute value of the ipdv. The two metrics will produce different mean values. Mean Jitter will produce a positive value, where the mean ipdv is typically zero. Also, IPDV is undefined when one packet from a pair is lost.
抖动通过获取IPDV的绝对值与IPDV[De02]（IP延迟变化）相关。这两个指标将产生不同的平均值。平均抖动将产生正值，其中平均ipdv通常为零。此外，当一对中的一个数据包丢失时，IPDV是未定义的。
Measurement units: milliseconds
测量单位：毫秒
See Also:
Forwarding Delay
Jitter variation [Ja99]
ipdv [De02]
interarrival jitter [Sc96]
See Also:
Forwarding Delay
Jitter variation [Ja99]
ipdv [De02]
interarrival jitter [Sc96]
Definition: The vector(s) obtained when mechanisms used to support diff-serv or IP precedence are disabled.
定义：当用于支持区分服务或IP优先级的机制被禁用时获得的向量。
Discussion: Enabling diff-serv or IP precedence mechanisms may impose additional processing overhead for packets. This overhead may degrade performance even when traffic belonging to only one class,
讨论：启用区分服务或IP优先机制可能会增加数据包的处理开销。即使流量只属于一个类别，此开销也可能会降低性能，
the best-effort class, is offered to the device. Measurements with "undifferentiated response" SHOULD be made to establish a baseline.
为设备提供了“尽力而为”类。应进行具有“未分化反应”的测量，以建立基线。
The vector(s) obtained with DSCP or IP precedence enabled can be compared to the undifferentiated response to determine the effect of differentiating traffic.
启用DSCP或IP优先级时获得的向量可与未区分响应进行比较，以确定区分流量的效果。
Measurement units: n/a
计量单位：不适用
Definition: A field in the IP payload portion of the packet that is used to verify the order of the packets on the egress of the DUT/SUT.
定义：数据包IP有效负载部分中的一个字段，用于验证DUT/SUT出口上数据包的顺序。
Discussion: The traffic generator sets the test sequence number value. Upon receipt of the packet, the traffic receiver checks the value. The traffic generator changes the value on each packet transmitted based on an algorithm agreed to by the traffic receiver.
讨论：流量生成器设置测试序列号值。收到数据包后，流量接收器检查值。业务生成器根据业务接收器同意的算法更改发送的每个分组上的值。
The traffic receiver keeps track of the sequence numbers on a per-stream basis. In addition to the number of received packets, the traffic receiver may also report the number of in-sequence packets, the number of out-of-sequence packets, the number of duplicate packets, and the number of reordered packets. The RECOMMENDED algorithm to change the sequence number on sequential packets is an incrementing value.
业务接收器在每个流的基础上跟踪序列号。除了所接收的分组的数目之外，业务接收器还可以报告序列内分组的数目、序列外分组的数目、重复分组的数目以及重新排序的分组的数目。建议使用递增值来更改顺序数据包上的序列号。
Measurement units: n/a
计量单位：不适用
See Also: Stream
另见：流
Definition: A group of packets tracked as a single entity by the traffic receiver. A stream MUST share common content, such as type (IP, UDP), IP SA/DA, packet size, or payload.
定义：由流量接收器作为单个实体跟踪的一组数据包。流必须共享公共内容，例如类型（IP、UDP）、IP SA/DA、数据包大小或负载。
Discussion: Streams are tracked by test sequence number or "unique signature field" [Ma00]. Streams define how individual packet statistics are grouped together to form an intelligible summary.
讨论：通过测试序列号或“唯一签名字段”[Ma00]跟踪流。流定义如何将单个数据包统计信息分组在一起以形成可理解的摘要。
Common stream groupings would be by egress interface, destination address, source address, DSCP, or IP precedence. A stream using test sequence numbers can track the ordering of packets as they traverse the DUT/SUT.
公共流分组将按出口接口、目标地址、源地址、DSCP或IP优先级进行。使用测试序列号的流可以在数据包穿过DUT/SUT时跟踪数据包的顺序。
Streams are not restricted to a pair of source and destination interfaces as long as all packets are tracked as a single entity. A multicast stream can be forwarded to multiple destination interfaces.
只要将所有数据包作为单个实体进行跟踪，流就不限于一对源接口和目标接口。多播流可以转发到多个目标接口。
Measurement units: n/a
计量单位：不适用
See Also: Flow Microflow [Ni98] Test sequence number
另见：流动微流[Ni98]测试序列号
Definition: A received packet with the expected Test Sequence number.
定义：具有预期测试序列号的接收数据包。
Discussion: In-sequence is done on a stream level. As packets are received on a stream, each packet's Test Sequence number is compared with the previous packet. Only packets that match the expected Test Sequence number are considered in-sequence.
讨论：按顺序在流级别上完成。当在流上接收数据包时，将每个数据包的测试序列号与前一个数据包进行比较。序列中只考虑与预期测试序列号匹配的数据包。
Packets that do not match the expected Test Sequence number are counted as "not in-sequence" or out-of-sequence. Every packet that is received is either in-sequence or out-of-sequence. Subtracting the in-sequence from the received packets (for that stream), the tester can derive the out-of-sequence count.
与预期测试序列号不匹配的数据包被视为“不在序列中”或不在序列中。接收到的每个数据包不是按顺序就是按顺序。从接收到的数据包（对于该数据流）中减去顺序内的数据包，测试人员可以得出顺序外计数。
Two types of events will prevent the in-sequence from incrementing: packet loss and reordered packets.
两种类型的事件将防止序列中的数据包增加：数据包丢失和重新排序的数据包。
Measurement units: Packet count
测量单位：包计数
See Also: Stream Test Sequence number
另请参见：流测试序列号
Definition: A received packet with a sequence number less than the sequence number of any previously arriving packet.
定义：序列号小于任何先前到达的数据包序列号的接收数据包。
Discussion: As a stream of packets enters a DUT/SUT, they include a Stream Test Sequence number indicating the order the packets were sent to the DUT/SUT. On exiting the DUT/SUT, these packets may arrive in a different order. Each packet that was reordered is counted as an Out-of-Order Packet.
讨论：当数据包流进入DUT/SUT时，它们包括一个流测试序列号，指示数据包发送到DUT/SUT的顺序。在退出DUT/SUT时，这些数据包可能以不同的顺序到达。每一个重新排序的数据包都被算作一个无序数据包。
Certain streaming protocols (such as TCP) require the packets to be in a certain order. Packets outside this are dropped by the streaming protocols even though they were properly received by the IP layer. The type of reordering tolerated by a streaming protocol varies from protocol to protocol, and also by implementation.
某些流协议（如TCP）要求数据包按特定顺序排列。在此之外的数据包由流协议丢弃，即使它们被IP层正确接收。流协议允许的重新排序类型因协议而异，也因实现而异。
Packet loss does not affect the Out-of-Order Packet count. The Out-of-Order Packet count is impacted only by packets that were not received in the order that they were transmitted.
数据包丢失不会影响无序数据包计数。无序数据包计数仅受未按传输顺序接收的数据包的影响。
Measurement units: packets
测量单位：数据包
See Also: Stream Test Sequence number Packet Reordering Metric for IPPM [Mo03]
另请参见：IPPM的流测试序列号数据包重新排序度量[Mo03]
Definition: A received packet with a Test Sequence number matching a previously received packet.
定义：测试序列号与先前接收的数据包匹配的接收数据包。
Discussion: A Duplicate Packet is a packet that the DUT/SUT has successfully transmitted out an egress interface more than once. The egress interface has previously forwarded this packet.
讨论：重复数据包是DUT/SUT多次成功发送出口接口的数据包。出口接口先前已转发此数据包。
A Duplicate Packet SHOULD be a bit-for-bit copy of an already transmitted packet (including Test Sequence number). If the Duplicate Packet traversed different paths through the DUT/SUT, some fields (such as TTL or checksum) may have changed.
重复数据包应为已传输数据包（包括测试序列号）的逐位副本。如果重复数据包穿过DUT/SUT的不同路径，则某些字段（如TTL或校验和）可能已更改。
A multicast packet is not a Duplicate Packet by definition. For a given IP multicast group, a DUT/SUT SHOULD forward a packet once on a given egress interface provided the path to one or more multicast receivers is through that interface. Several egress interfaces will transmit the same packet, but only once per interface.
根据定义，多播数据包不是重复数据包。对于给定的IP多播组，DUT/SUT应在给定的出口接口上转发一次数据包，前提是到一个或多个多播接收器的路径通过该接口。几个出口接口将传输相同的数据包，但每个接口仅传输一次。
To detect a Duplicate Packet, each packet offered to the DUT/SUT MUST contain a unique packet-by-packet identifier.
为了检测重复数据包，提供给DUT/SUT的每个数据包必须包含一个唯一的逐数据包标识符。
Measurement units: Packet count
测量单位：包计数
See Also: Stream Test Sequence number
另请参见：流测试序列号
A vector is a group of packets all matching a specific classification criteria, such as DSCP. Vectors are identified by the classification criteria and benchmarking metrics, such as a Forwarding Capacity, Forwarding Delay, or Jitter.
向量是一组数据包，所有数据包都符合特定的分类标准，如DSCP。向量由分类标准和基准度量标识，例如转发容量、转发延迟或抖动。
Definition: A description of the configuration on an external source for the attempted rate of a stream transmitted to a DUT/SUT matching specific classification rules.
定义：外部源上配置的描述，用于传输到符合特定分类规则的DUT/SUT的流的尝试速率。
Discussion: The Intended Vector of a stream influences the benchmark measurements. The Intended Vector is described by the classification criteria and attempted rate.
讨论：流的预期矢量影响基准测量。目标向量由分类标准和尝试率描述。
Measurement Units: N-bytes packets per second
测量单位：每秒N字节数据包
See Also: Stream Offered Vector Forwarding Vector
另请参见：流提供的向量转发向量
Definition: A description for the attempted rate of a stream offered to a DUT/SUT matching specific classification rules.
定义：提供给符合特定分类规则的DUT/SUT的流的尝试速率的描述。
Discussion: The Offered Vector of a stream influences the benchmark measurements. The Offered Vector is described by the classification criteria and offered rate.
讨论：提供的流向量影响基准测量。所提供的向量由分类标准和提供率来描述。
Measurement Units: N-bytes packets per second
测量单位：每秒N字节数据包
See Also: Stream Intended Vector Forwarding Vector
另请参见：流目标向量转发向量
Definition: A description of the expected output rate of packets matching a specific classification, such as DSCP.
定义：与特定分类（如DSCP）匹配的数据包的预期输出速率的描述。
Discussion: The value of the Expected Forwarding Vector is dependent on the set of offered vectors and Classification configuration on the DUT/SUT. The DUT is configured in a certain way so that classification occurs when a traffic mix consisting of multiple streams is applied.
讨论：预期转发向量的值取决于DUT/SUT上提供的向量集和分类配置。DUT以特定方式配置，以便在应用由多个流组成的流量混合时进行分类。
This term captures the expected forwarding behavior from the DUT receiving multiple Offered Vectors. The actual algorithm or mechanism the DUT uses to achieve service differentiation is implementation specific and is not important when describing the Expected Forwarding Vector.
该术语捕获来自接收多个提供向量的DUT的预期转发行为。DUT用于实现服务差异化的实际算法或机制是特定于实现的，在描述预期的转发向量时并不重要。
Measurement units: N-octet packets per second
测量单位：每秒N个八位组数据包
See Also: Classification Stream Intended Vector Offered Vector
另请参见：分类流目标向量提供向量
Definition: A description of the percentage of packets having a specific classification that should not be forwarded.
定义：具有特定分类且不应转发的数据包百分比的描述。
Discussion: The value of the Expected Loss Vector is dependent on the set of offered vectors and Classification configuration on the DUT/SUT. The DUT is configured in a certain way so that classification occurs when a traffic mix consisting of multiple streams is applied.
讨论：预期损失向量的值取决于DUT/SUT上提供的向量集和分类配置。DUT以特定方式配置，以便在应用由多个流组成的流量混合时进行分类。
This term captures the expected forwarding behavior from the DUT receiving multiple Offered Vectors. The actual algorithm or mechanism the DUT uses to achieve service differentiation is implementation specific and is not important when describing the Expected Loss Vector.
该术语捕获来自接收多个提供向量的DUT的预期转发行为。DUT用于实现服务差异化的实际算法或机制是特定于实现的，在描述预期损失向量时并不重要。
Measurement Units: Percentage of intended packets expected to be dropped.
度量单位：预期丢弃的预期数据包的百分比。
See Also: Classification Stream Intended Vector Offered Vector One-way Packet Loss Metric [Ka99]
另见：分类流预期向量提供向量单向分组丢失度量[Ka99]
Definition: A description of the expected in-sequence packets matching a specific classification, such as DSCP.
定义：与特定分类（如DSCP）匹配的预期序列内数据包的描述。
Discussion: The value of the Expected Sequence Vector is dependent on the set of offered vectors and Classification configuration on the DUT/SUT. The DUT is configured in a certain way so that classification occurs when a traffic mix consisting of multiple streams is applied.
讨论：预期序列向量的值取决于DUT/SUT上提供的向量集和分类配置。DUT以特定方式配置，以便在应用由多个流组成的流量混合时进行分类。
This term captures the expected forwarding behavior from the DUT receiving multiple Offered Vectors. The actual algorithm or mechanism the DUT uses to achieve service differentiation is implementation specific and is not important when describing the Expected Sequence Vector.
该术语捕获来自接收多个提供向量的DUT的预期转发行为。DUT用于实现服务差异化的实际算法或机制是特定于实现的，在描述预期序列向量时并不重要。
Measurement Units: N-octet packets per second
测量单位：每秒N个八位组数据包
See Also: Classification Stream In-Sequence Packet Intended Vector Offered Vector
另请参见：序列数据包中的分类流目标向量提供向量
Definition: A description of the expected instantaneous Forwarding Delay for packets matching a specific classification, such as DSCP.
定义：与特定分类（如DSCP）匹配的数据包的预期瞬时转发延迟的描述。
Discussion: The value of the Expected Delay Vector is dependent on the set of offered vectors and Classification configuration on the DUT/SUT. The DUT is configured in a certain way so that classification occurs when a traffic mix consisting of multiple streams is applied.
讨论：预期延迟向量的值取决于DUT/SUT上提供的向量集和分类配置。DUT以特定方式配置，以便在应用由多个流组成的流量混合时进行分类。
This term captures the expected forwarding behavior from the DUT receiving multiple Offered Vectors. The actual algorithm or mechanism the DUT uses to achieve service differentiation is implementation specific and is not important when describing the Expected Delay Vector.
该术语捕获来自接收多个提供向量的DUT的预期转发行为。DUT用于实现服务差异化的实际算法或机制是特定于实现的，在描述预期延迟向量时并不重要。
Measurement units: milliseconds
测量单位：毫秒
See Also: Classification Stream Forwarding Delay Intended Vector Offered Vector
另请参见：分类流转发延迟预期向量提供向量
Definition: A description of the expected average Forwarding Delay for packets matching a specific classification, such as DSCP.
定义：与特定分类（如DSCP）匹配的数据包的预期平均转发延迟的描述。
Discussion: The value of the Expected Average Delay Vector is dependent on the set of offered vectors and Classification configuration on the DUT/SUT. The DUT is configured in a certain way so that classification occurs when a traffic mix consisting of multiple streams is applied.
讨论：预期平均延迟向量的值取决于DUT/SUT上提供的向量集和分类配置。DUT以特定方式配置，以便在应用由多个流组成的流量混合时进行分类。
This term captures the expected forwarding behavior from the DUT receiving multiple Offered Vectors. The actual algorithm or mechanism the DUT uses to achieve service differentiation is implementation specific and is not important when describing the Expected Average Delay Vector.
该术语捕获来自接收多个提供向量的DUT的预期转发行为。DUT用于实现服务差异化的实际算法或机制是特定于实现的，在描述预期平均延迟向量时并不重要。
Measurement units: milliseconds
测量单位：毫秒
See Also: Classification Stream Forwarding Delay Intended Vector Offered Vector Expected Delay Vector
另请参见：分类流转发延迟预期向量提供向量预期延迟向量
Definition: A description of the expected maximum Forwarding Delay for packets matching a specific classification, such as DSCP.
定义：与特定分类（如DSCP）匹配的数据包的预期最大转发延迟的描述。
Discussion: The value of the Expected Maximum Delay Vector is dependent on the set of offered vectors and Classification configuration on the DUT/SUT. The DUT is configured in a certain way so that classification occurs when a traffic mix consisting of multiple streams is applied.
讨论：预期最大延迟向量的值取决于DUT/SUT上提供的向量集和分类配置。DUT以特定方式配置，以便在应用由多个流组成的流量混合时进行分类。
This term captures the expected forwarding behavior from the DUT receiving multiple Offered Vectors. The actual algorithm or mechanism the DUT uses to achieve service differentiation is implementation specific and is not important when describing the Expected Maximum Delay Vector.
该术语捕获来自接收多个提供向量的DUT的预期转发行为。DUT用于实现服务差异化的实际算法或机制是特定于实现的，在描述预期最大延迟向量时并不重要。
Measurement units: milliseconds
测量单位：毫秒
See Also: Classification Stream Forwarding Delay Intended Vector Offered Vector Expected Delay Vector
另请参见：分类流转发延迟预期向量提供向量预期延迟向量
Definition: A description of the expected minimum Forwarding Delay for packets matching a specific classification, such as DSCP.
定义：与特定分类（如DSCP）匹配的数据包的预期最小转发延迟的描述。
Discussion: The value of the Expected Minimum Delay Vector is dependent on the set of offered vectors and Classification configuration on the DUT/SUT. The DUT is configured in a certain way so that classification occurs when a traffic mix consisting of multiple streams is applied.
讨论：预期最小延迟向量的值取决于DUT/SUT上提供的向量集和分类配置。DUT以特定方式配置，以便在应用由多个流组成的流量混合时进行分类。
This term captures the expected forwarding behavior from the DUT receiving multiple Offered Vectors. The actual algorithm or mechanism the DUT uses to achieve service differentiation is implementation specific and is not important when describing the Expected Minimum Delay Vector.
该术语捕获来自接收多个提供向量的DUT的预期转发行为。DUT用于实现服务差异化的实际算法或机制是特定于实现的，在描述预期最小延迟向量时并不重要。
Measurement units: milliseconds
测量单位：毫秒
See Also: Classification Stream Forwarding Delay Intended Vector Offered Vector Expected Delay Vector
另请参见：分类流转发延迟预期向量提供向量预期延迟向量
Definition: A description of the expected Instantaneous Jitter between two consecutive packets arrival times matching a specific classification, such as DSCP.
定义：两个连续数据包到达时间与特定分类（如DSCP）匹配时的预期瞬时抖动的描述。
Discussion: Instantaneous Jitter is the absolute value of the difference between the Forwarding Delay measurement of two packets belonging to the same stream.
讨论：瞬时抖动是属于同一流的两个数据包的转发延迟测量值之差的绝对值。
The Forwarding Delay fluctuation between two consecutive packets in a stream is reported as the "Instantaneous Jitter". Instantaneous Jitter can be expressed as |D(i) - D(i-1)|, where D equals the Forwarding Delay and i is the test sequence number. Packets lost are not counted in the measurement.
流中两个连续数据包之间的转发延迟波动被报告为“瞬时抖动”。瞬时抖动可以表示为| D（i）-D（i-1）|，其中D等于转发延迟，i是测试序列号。丢失的数据包不计入测量值。
The Forwarding Vector may contain several Jitter Vectors. For n packets received in a Forwarding Vector, there is a total of (n-1) Instantaneous Jitter Vectors.
转发向量可以包含多个抖动向量。对于在转发向量中接收的n个分组，总共有（n-1）个瞬时抖动向量。
Measurement units: milliseconds
测量单位：毫秒
See Also: Classification Stream Jitter Intended Vector Offered Vector
另请参见：分类流抖动目标向量提供向量
Definition: A description of the expected average jitter for packets arriving in a stream matching a specific classification, such as DSCP.
定义：到达与特定分类（如DSCP）匹配的流中的数据包的预期平均抖动的描述。
Discussion: Average Jitter Vector is the average of all the Instantaneous Jitter Vectors measured during the test duration for the same stream.
讨论：Average Jitter Vector是在相同流的测试期间测量的所有瞬时抖动矢量的平均值。
The value of the Expected Average Jitter Vector is dependent on the set of offered vectors and Classification configuration on the DUT/SUT. The DUT is configured in a certain way so that classification occurs when a traffic mix consisting of multiple streams is applied.
预期平均抖动向量的值取决于DUT/SUT上提供的向量集和分类配置。DUT以特定方式配置，以便在应用由多个流组成的流量混合时进行分类。
This term captures the expected forwarding behavior from the DUT receiving multiple Offered Vectors. The actual algorithm or mechanism the DUT uses to achieve service differentiation is implementation specific and is not important when describing the Expected Average Jitter Vector.
该术语捕获来自接收多个提供向量的DUT的预期转发行为。DUT用于实现服务差异化的实际算法或机制是特定于实现的，在描述预期平均抖动向量时并不重要。
Measurement units: milliseconds
测量单位：毫秒
See Also: Classification Stream Jitter Intended Vector Offered Vector Expected Instantaneous Jitter Vector
另请参见：分类流抖动预期向量提供向量预期瞬时抖动向量
Definition: A description of the expected maximum variation in the Forwarding Delay of packet arrival times for packets arriving in a stream matching a specific classification, such as DSCP.
定义：对到达与特定分类（如DSCP）匹配的流中的数据包的数据包到达时间的转发延迟的预期最大变化的描述。
Discussion: Peak-to-peak Jitter Vector is the maximum Forwarding Delay minus the minimum Forwarding Delay of the packets (in a vector) forwarded by the DUT/SUT.
讨论：峰间抖动向量是最大转发延迟减去DUT/SUT转发的数据包（向量中）的最小转发延迟。
Peak-to-peak Jitter is not derived from the Instantaneous Jitter Vector. Peak-to-peak Jitter is based upon all the packets during the test duration, not just two consecutive packets.
峰间抖动不是从瞬时抖动矢量推导出来的。峰间抖动基于测试期间的所有数据包，而不仅仅是两个连续数据包。
The value of the Expected Peak-to-peak Jitter Vector is dependent on the set of offered vectors and Classification configuration on the DUT/SUT. The DUT is configured in a certain way so that classification occurs when a traffic mix consisting of multiple streams is applied.
预期峰间抖动向量的值取决于提供的向量集和DUT/SUT上的分类配置。DUT以特定方式配置，以便在应用由多个流组成的流量混合时进行分类。
This term captures the expected forwarding behavior from the DUT receiving multiple Offered Vectors. The actual algorithm or mechanism the DUT uses to achieve service differentiation is implementation specific and is not important when describing the Expected Peak-to-peak Jitter Vector.
该术语捕获来自接收多个提供向量的DUT的预期转发行为。DUT用于实现服务差异化的实际算法或机制是特定于实现的，在描述预期的峰间抖动向量时并不重要。
Measurement units: milliseconds
测量单位：毫秒
See Also: Classification Stream Jitter Intended Vector Offered Vector Expected Instantaneous Jitter Vector Expected Average Jitter Vector
另请参见：分类流抖动预期向量提供向量预期瞬时抖动向量预期平均抖动向量
Definition: The number of packets per second for a stream matching a specific classification, such as DSCP, that a DUT/SUT is measured to forward to the correct destination interface successfully in response to an offered vector.
定义：与特定分类（如DSCP）匹配的流的每秒数据包数，DUT/SUT被测量为响应提供的向量成功转发到正确的目标接口。
Discussion: Forwarding Vector is expressed as a combination of values: the classification rules AND the measured packets per second for the stream matching the classification rules. Forwarding Vector is a per-hop measurement. The DUT/SUT MAY remark the specific DSCP (or IP precedence) value for a multi-hop measurement. The stream remains the same.
讨论：转发向量表示为以下值的组合：分类规则和与分类规则匹配的流每秒测量的数据包。转发向量是每跳的度量。DUT/SUT可注释多跳测量的特定DSCP（或IP优先级）值。这条小溪还是原来的样子。
Measurement units: N-octet packets per second
测量单位：每秒N个八位组数据包
See Also: Classification Stream Forwarding Capacity Intended Vector Offered Vector Expected Vector
另请参见：分类流转发容量预期向量提供向量预期向量
Definition: The percentage of packets per second for a stream matching a specific classification, such as DSCP, that a DUT/SUT is measured not to transmit to the correct destination interface in response to an offered vector.
定义：与特定分类（如DSCP）匹配的流的每秒数据包百分比，DUT/SUT被测量为响应提供的向量而不发送到正确的目标接口。
Discussion: Loss Vector is expressed as a combination of values: the classification rules AND the measured percentage value of packet loss. Loss Vector is a per-hop measurement. The DUT/SUT MAY remark the specific DSCP or IP precedence value for a multi-hop measurement. The stream remains the same.
讨论：丢失向量表示为以下值的组合：分类规则和测量的分组丢失百分比值。损失向量是每跳的测量值。DUT/SUT可注释多跳测量的特定DSCP或IP优先级值。这条小溪还是原来的样子。
Measurement Units: Percentage of packets
测量单位：数据包的百分比
See Also: Classification Stream Intended Vector Offered Vector Expected Vector One-way Packet Loss Metric [Ka99]
另见：分类流预期向量提供向量预期向量单向分组丢失度量[Ka99]
Definition: The number of packets per second for all packets in a stream matching a specific classification, such as DSCP, that a DUT/SUT is measured to transmit in sequence to the correct destination interface in response to an offered vector.
定义：流中与特定分类（如DSCP）匹配的所有数据包每秒的数据包数，DUT/SUT被测量为响应所提供的向量顺序发送到正确的目标接口。
Discussion: Sequence Vector is expressed as a combination of values: the classification rules AND the number of packets per second that are in-sequence.
讨论：序列向量表示为值的组合：分类规则和序列中每秒的数据包数。
Sequence Vector is a per-hop measurement. The DUT/SUT MAY remark the specific DSCP or IP precedence value for a multi-hop measurement. The stream remains the same.
序列向量是每跳的度量。DUT/SUT可注释多跳测量的特定DSCP或IP优先级值。这条小溪还是原来的样子。
Measurement Units: N-octet packets per second
测量单位：每秒N个八位组数据包
See Also: Classification Stream In-sequence Packet Intended Vector Offered Vector Expected Vector
另请参见：序列中的分类流数据包预期向量提供向量预期向量
Definition: The instantaneous Forwarding Delay for a packet in a stream matching a specific classification, such as DSCP, that a DUT/SUT is measured to transmit to the correct destination interface successfully in response to an offered vector.
定义：与特定分类（如DSCP）匹配的流中数据包的瞬时转发延迟，DUT/SUT被测量为响应提供的向量成功传输到正确的目的地接口。
Discussion: Instantaneous Delay Vector is expressed as a combination of values: the classification rules AND Forwarding Delay. For every packet received in a Forwarding Vector, there is a corresponding Instantaneous Delay Vector.
讨论：瞬时延迟向量表示为以下值的组合：分类规则和转发延迟。对于在转发向量中接收到的每个分组，存在对应的瞬时延迟向量。
Instantaneous Delay Vector is a per-hop measurement. The DUT/SUT MAY remark the specific DSCP or IP precedence value for a multi-hop measurement. The stream remains the same.
瞬时延迟向量是每跳测量值。DUT/SUT可注释多跳测量的特定DSCP或IP优先级值。这条小溪还是原来的样子。
Instantaneous Delay Vector can be obtained at any offered load. It is RECOMMENDED that this vector be obtained at or below the Forwarding Capacity in the absence of Forwarding Congestion. For congested Forwarding Delay, run the offered load above the Forwarding Capacity.
瞬时延迟矢量可以在任何提供的负载下获得。建议在没有转发拥塞的情况下，在转发容量或低于转发容量的情况下获得该向量。对于拥挤的转发延迟，请在转发容量以上运行提供的负载。
Measurement Units: milliseconds
测量单位：毫秒
See Also: Classification Stream Forwarding Capacity Forwarding Delay Intended Vector Offered Vector Expected Delay Vector
另请参见：分类流转发容量转发延迟预期向量提供向量预期延迟向量
Definition: The average Forwarding Delay for packets in a stream matching a specific classification, such as DSCP, that a DUT/SUT is measured to transmit to the correct destination interface successfully in response to an offered vector.
定义：与特定分类（如DSCP）匹配的流中数据包的平均转发延迟，DUT/SUT被测量为响应提供的向量成功传输到正确的目标接口。
Discussion: Average Delay Vector is expressed as combination of values: the classification rules AND average Forwarding Delay.
讨论：平均延迟向量表示为以下值的组合：分类规则和平均转发延迟。
The average Forwarding Delay is computed by averaging all the Instantaneous Delay Vectors for a given stream.
通过对给定流的所有瞬时延迟向量求平均来计算平均转发延迟。
Average Delay Vector is a per-hop measurement. The DUT/SUT MAY remark the specific DSCP or IP precedence value for a multi-hop measurement. The stream remains the same.
平均延迟向量是每跳测量值。DUT/SUT可注释多跳测量的特定DSCP或IP优先级值。这条小溪还是原来的样子。
Average Delay Vector can be obtained at any offered load. It is recommended that the offered load be at or below the Forwarding Capacity in the absence of congestion. For congested Forwarding Delay, run the offered load above the Forwarding Capacity.
可以在任何提供的负载下获得平均延迟向量。建议在没有拥塞的情况下，提供的负载等于或低于转发容量。对于拥挤的转发延迟，请在转发容量以上运行提供的负载。
Measurement Units: milliseconds
测量单位：毫秒
See Also: Classification Stream Forwarding Capacity Forwarding Delay Intended Vector Offered Vector Expected Delay Vector Instantaneous Delay Vector
另请参见：分类流转发容量转发延迟预期向量提供向量预期延迟向量瞬时延迟向量
Definition: The maximum Forwarding Delay for packets in a stream matching a specific classification, such as DSCP, that a DUT/SUT is measured to transmit to the correct destination interface successfully in response to an offered vector.
定义：与特定分类（如DSCP）匹配的流中数据包的最大转发延迟，DUT/SUT被测量为响应提供的向量成功传输到正确的目标接口。
Discussion: Maximum Delay Vector is expressed as combination of values: the classification rules AND maximum Forwarding Delay.
讨论：最大延迟向量表示为以下值的组合：分类规则和最大转发延迟。
The maximum Forwarding Delay is computed by selecting the highest value from the Instantaneous Delay Vectors for a given stream.
通过从给定流的瞬时延迟向量中选择最大值来计算最大转发延迟。
Maximum Delay Vector is a per-hop measurement. The DUT/SUT MAY remark the specific DSCP or IP precedence value for a multi-hop measurement. The stream remains the same.
最大延迟向量是每跳测量值。DUT/SUT可注释多跳测量的特定DSCP或IP优先级值。这条小溪还是原来的样子。
Maximum Delay Vector can be obtained at any offered load. It is recommended that the offered load be at or below the Forwarding Capacity in the absence of congestion. For congested Forwarding Delay, run the offered load above the Forwarding Capacity.
可以在任何提供的负载下获得最大延迟向量。建议在没有拥塞的情况下，提供的负载等于或低于转发容量。对于拥挤的转发延迟，请在转发容量以上运行提供的负载。
Measurement Units: milliseconds
测量单位：毫秒
See Also: Classification Stream Forwarding Capacity Forwarding Delay Intended Vector Offered Vector Expected Delay Vector Instantaneous Delay Vector
另请参见：分类流转发容量转发延迟预期向量提供向量预期延迟向量瞬时延迟向量
Definition: The minimum Forwarding Delay for packets in a stream matching a specific classification, such as DSCP, that a DUT/SUT is measured to transmit to the correct destination interface successfully in response to an offered vector.
定义：与特定分类（如DSCP）匹配的流中数据包的最小转发延迟，DUT/SUT被测量为响应提供的向量成功传输到正确的目的地接口。
Discussion: Minimum Delay Vector is expressed as a combination of values: the classification rules AND minimum Forwarding Delay. The minimum Forwarding Delay is computed by selecting the lowest value from the Instantaneous Delay Vectors for a given stream.
讨论：最小延迟向量表示为以下值的组合：分类规则和最小转发延迟。通过从给定流的瞬时延迟向量中选择最小值来计算最小转发延迟。
Minimum Delay Vector is a per-hop measurement. The DUT/SUT MAY remark the specific DSCP or IP precedence value for a multi-hop measurement. The stream remains the same.
最小延迟向量是每跳测量值。DUT/SUT可注释多跳测量的特定DSCP或IP优先级值。这条小溪还是原来的样子。
Minimum Delay Vector can be obtained at any offered load. It is recommended that the offered load be at or below the Forwarding Capacity in the absence of congestion. For congested Forwarding Delay, run the offered load above the Forwarding Capacity.
可以在任何提供的负载下获得最小延迟向量。建议在没有拥塞的情况下，提供的负载等于或低于转发容量。对于拥挤的转发延迟，请在转发容量以上运行提供的负载。
Measurement Units: milliseconds
测量单位：毫秒
See Also: Classification Stream Forwarding Capacity Forwarding Delay Intended Vector Offered Vector Expected Delay Vector
另请参见：分类流转发容量转发延迟预期向量提供向量预期延迟向量
Definition: The jitter for two consecutive packets in a stream matching a specific classification, such as DSCP, that a DUT/SUT is measured to transmit to the correct destination interface successfully in response to an offered vector.
定义：与特定分类（如DSCP）匹配的流中两个连续数据包的抖动，DUT/SUT被测量以响应提供的向量成功传输到正确的目的地接口。
Discussion: Instantaneous Jitter is the absolute value of the difference between the Forwarding Delay measurement of two packets belonging to the same stream.
讨论：瞬时抖动是属于同一流的两个数据包的转发延迟测量值之差的绝对值。
The Instantaneous Jitter vector is expressed as a pair of numbers. Both the specific DSCP (or IP precedence) value AND jitter value combine to make a vector.
瞬时抖动矢量表示为一对数字。特定的DSCP（或IP优先级）值和抖动值组合成一个向量。
The Forwarding Delay fluctuation between two consecutive packets in a stream is reported as the "Instantaneous Jitter". Instantaneous Jitter Vector can be expressed as |D(i) - D(i-1)|, where D equals the Forwarding Delay and i is the test sequence number. Packets lost are not counted in the measurement.
流中两个连续数据包之间的转发延迟波动被报告为“瞬时抖动”。瞬时抖动向量可以表示为| D（i）-D（i-1）|，其中D等于转发延迟，i是测试序列号。丢失的数据包不计入测量值。
The Instantaneous Jitter Vector is a per-hop measurement. The DUT/SUT MAY remark the specific DSCP or IP precedence value for a multi-hop measurement. The stream remains the same.
瞬时抖动矢量是每跳测量值。DUT/SUT可注释多跳测量的特定DSCP或IP优先级值。这条小溪还是原来的样子。
There may be several Instantaneous Jitter Vectors for a single stream. For n packets measured, there may be (n-1) Instantaneous Jitter Vectors.
对于单个流，可能存在多个瞬时抖动向量。对于测量的n个分组，可能存在（n-1）个瞬时抖动向量。
Measurement units: milliseconds
测量单位：毫秒
See Also: Classification Stream Forwarding Delay Jitter Forwarding Vector Expected Vectors
另请参见：分类流转发延迟抖动转发向量预期向量
Definition: The average jitter for packets in a stream matching a specific classification, such as DSCP, that a DUT/SUT is measured to transmit to the correct destination interface successfully in response to an offered vector.
定义：与特定分类（如DSCP）匹配的流中数据包的平均抖动，DUT/SUT被测量以响应提供的向量成功传输到正确的目标接口。
Discussion: Average jitter is calculated by the average of all the Instantaneous Jitter Vectors of the same stream measured during the test duration. Average Jitter Vector is expressed as a combination of values: the classification rules AND average Jitter.
Discussion: Average jitter is calculated by the average of all the Instantaneous Jitter Vectors of the same stream measured during the test duration. Average Jitter Vector is expressed as a combination of values: the classification rules AND average Jitter.translate error, please retry
Average Jitter Vector is a per-hop measurement. The DUT/SUT MAY remark the specific DSCP or IP precedence value for a multi-hop measurement. The stream remains the same.
平均抖动向量是每跳测量值。DUT/SUT可注释多跳测量的特定DSCP或IP优先级值。这条小溪还是原来的样子。
Measurement units: milliseconds
测量单位：毫秒
See Also: Classification Stream Jitter Forwarding Vector Expected Vector Instantaneous Jitter Vector
另请参见：分类流抖动转发向量预期向量瞬时抖动向量
Definition: The maximum possible variation in the Forwarding Delay for packets in a stream matching a specific classification, such as DSCP, that a DUT/SUT is measured to transmit to the correct destination interface successfully in response to an offered vector.
定义：与特定分类（如DSCP）匹配的流中数据包转发延迟的最大可能变化，DUT/SUT被测量为响应提供的向量成功传输到正确的目的地接口。
Discussion: Peak-to-peak Jitter Vector is calculated by subtracting the maximum Forwarding Delay from the minimum Forwarding Delay of the packets forwarded by the DUT/SUT. Jitter vector is expressed as a combination of values: the classification rules AND peak-to-peak Jitter.
讨论：通过从DUT/SUT转发的数据包的最小转发延迟中减去最大转发延迟来计算峰间抖动向量。抖动向量表示为值的组合：分类规则和峰间抖动。
Peak-to-peak Jitter is not derived from the Instantaneous Jitter Vector. Peak-to-peak Jitter is based upon all the packets during the test duration, not just two consecutive packets.
峰间抖动不是从瞬时抖动矢量推导出来的。峰间抖动基于测试期间的所有数据包，而不仅仅是两个连续数据包。
Measurement units: milliseconds
测量单位：毫秒
See Also: Jitter Forwarding Vector Stream Expected Vectors Instantaneous Jitter Vector Average Jitter Vector
另请参见：抖动转发向量流预期向量瞬时抖动向量平均抖动向量
Documents of this type do not directly affect the security of the Internet or of corporate networks as long as benchmarking is not performed on devices or systems connected to production networks.
只要不在连接到生产网络的设备或系统上执行基准测试，此类文档不会直接影响互联网或公司网络的安全性。
Packets with unintended and/or unauthorized DSCP or IP precedence values may present security issues. Determining the security consequences of such packets is out of scope for this document.
具有意外和/或未经授权的DSCP或IP优先级值的数据包可能会出现安全问题。确定此类数据包的安全后果超出了本文档的范围。
The authors gratefully acknowledge the contributions of the IETF's Benchmarking Methodology Working Group members in reviewing this document. The authors would like to express our thanks to David Newman for his consistent and valuable assistance throughout the development of this document. The authors would also like to thank Al Morton and Kevin Dubray for their ideas and support.
作者衷心感谢IETF基准方法工作组成员在审查本文件时所作的贡献。作者谨向David Newman表示感谢，感谢他在本文件的整个编写过程中提供的一贯和宝贵的帮助。作者还要感谢Al Morton和Kevin Dubrey的想法和支持。
[Br91] Bradner, S., "Benchmarking terminology for network interconnection devices", RFC 1242, July 1991.
[Br91]Bradner，S.，“网络互连设备的基准术语”，RFC 1242，1991年7月。
[Br97] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[Br97]Bradner，S.，“RFC中用于表示需求水平的关键词”，BCP 14，RFC 2119，1997年3月。
[Br98] Braden, B., Clark, D., Crowcroft, J., Davie, B., Deering, S., Estrin, D., Floyd, S., Jacobson, V., Minshall, G., Partridge, C., Peterson, L., Ramakrishnan, K., Shenker, S., Wroclawski, J., and L. Zhang, "Recommendations on Queue Management and Congestion Avoidance in the Internet", RFC 2309, April 1998.
[Br98]Braden，B.，Clark，D.，Crowcroft，J.，Davie，B.，Deering，S.，Estrin，D.，Floyd，S.，Jacobson，V.，Minshall，G.，Partridge，C.，Peterson，L.，Ramakrishnan，K.，Shenker，S.，Wroclawski，J.，和L.Zhang，“关于互联网中队列管理和拥塞避免的建议”，RFC 2309，1998年4月。
[Ma98] Mandeville, R., "Benchmarking Terminology for LAN Switching Devices", RFC 2285, February 1998.
[Ma98]Mandeville，R.，“局域网交换设备的基准术语”，RFC 2285，1998年2月。
[Ni98] Nichols, K., Blake, S., Baker, F., and D. Black, "Definition of the Differentiated Services Field (DS Field) in the IPv4 and IPv6 Headers", RFC 2474, December 1998.
[Ni98]Nichols，K.，Blake，S.，Baker，F.，和D.Black，“IPv4和IPv6报头中区分服务字段（DS字段）的定义”，RFC 2474，1998年12月。
[St91] Steinberg, L., "Techniques for managing asynchronously generated alerts", RFC 1224, May 1991.
[St91]Steinberg，L.“管理异步生成警报的技术”，RFC 1224，1991年5月。
[Al99] Almes, G., Kalidindi, S., and M. Zekauskas, "A One-way Delay Metric for IPPM", RFC 2679, September 1999.
[Al99]Almes，G.，Kalidini，S.，和M.Zekauskas，“IPPM的单向延迟度量”，RFC 2679，1999年9月。
[Bl98] Blake, S., Black, D., Carlson, M., Davies, E., Wang, Z., and W. Weiss, "An Architecture for Differentiated Service", RFC 2475, December 1998.
[Bl98]Blake，S.，Black，D.，Carlson，M.，Davies，E.，Wang，Z.，和W.Weiss，“差异化服务的架构”，RFC 24751998年12月。
[Br99] Bradner, S. and J. McQuaid, "Benchmarking Methodology for Network Interconnect Devices", RFC 2544, March 1999.
[Br99]Bradner，S.和J.McQuaid，“网络互连设备的基准测试方法”，RFC 2544，1999年3月。
[De02] Demichelis, C. and P. Chimento, "IP Packet Delay Variation Metric for IP Performance Metrics (IPPM)", RFC 3393, November 2002.
[De02]Demichelis，C.和P.Chimento，“IP性能度量的IP数据包延迟变化度量（IPPM）”，RFC 3393，2002年11月。
[Ec98] http://www3.ietf.org/proceedings/98mar/98mar-edited-135.htm
[Ec98] http://www3.ietf.org/proceedings/98mar/98mar-edited-135.htm
[Fl93] Floyd, S., and Jacobson, V., "Random Early Detection gateways for Congestion Avoidance", IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, V.1 N.4, August 1993, p. 397-413. URL "ftp://ftp.ee.lbl.gov/papers/early.pdf".
[Fl93]Floyd，S.和Jacobson，V.，“避免拥塞的随机早期检测网关”，IEEE/ACM网络交易，第1卷第4期，1993年8月，第页。397-413. URL“ftp://ftp.ee.lbl.gov/papers/early.pdf".
[Ja99] Davie, B., Charny, A., Bennet, J.C., Benson, K., Le Boudec, J., Courtney, W., Davari, S., Firoiu, V., and D. Stiliadis, "An Expedited Forwarding PHB (Per-Hop Behavior)", RFC 3246, March 2002.
[Ja99]Davie，B.，Charny，A.，Bennet，J.C.，Benson，K.，Le Boudec，J.，Courtney，W.，Davari，S.，Firoiu，V.，和D.Stiliadis，“快速转发PHB（每跳行为）”，RFC 32462002年3月。
[Ka99] Almes, G., Kalidindi, S., and M. Zekauskas, "A One-way Packet Loss Metric for IPPM", RFC 2680, September 1999.
[Ka99]Almes，G.，Kalidini，S.，和M.Zekauskas，“IPPM的单向数据包丢失度量”，RFC 26801999年9月。
[Ma91] Mankin, A. and K. Ramakrishnan, "Gateway Congestion Control Survey", RFC 1254, August 1991.
[Ma91]Mankin，A.和K.Ramakrishnan，“网关拥塞控制调查”，RFC 1254，1991年8月。
[Ma00] Mandeville, R. and J. Perser, "Benchmarking Methodology for LAN Switching Devices", RFC 2889, August 2000.
[Ma00]Mandeville，R.和J.Perser，“局域网交换设备的基准测试方法”，RFC 2889，2000年8月。
[Mo03] Morton, A., Ciavattone, L., Ramachandran, G., Shalunov, S., Perser, J., "Packet Reordering Metric for IPPM", Work in Progress.
[Mo03]Morton，A.，Ciavattone，L.，Ramachandran，G.，Shalunov，S.，Perser，J.，“IPPM的数据包重新排序度量”，正在进行的工作。
[Na84] Nagle, J., "Congestion control in IP/TCP internetworks", RFC 896, January 1984.
[Na84]Nagle，J.，“IP/TCP网络中的拥塞控制”，RFC 896，1984年1月。
[Ra99] Ramakrishnan, K., Floyd, S., and D. Black, "The Addition of Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) to IP", RFC 3168, September 2001.
[Ra99]Ramakrishnan，K.，Floyd，S.，和D.Black，“向IP添加显式拥塞通知（ECN）”，RFC 3168，2001年9月。
[Sc96] Schulzrinne, H., Casner, S., Frederick, R., and V. Jacobson, "RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time Applications", STD 64, RFC 3550, July 2003.
[Sc96]Schulzrinne，H.，Casner，S.，Frederick，R.，和V.Jacobson，“RTP：实时应用的传输协议”，STD 64，RFC 35502003年7月。
Authors' Addresses
作者地址
Jerry Perser Veriwave 8770 SW Nimbus Ave. Suite B Beaverton, OR 97008 USA USA
Jerry Perser Veriwave 8770美国比弗顿宁巴斯大道西南B套房，邮编：97008
Phone: + 1 818 338 4112
EMail: jerry@perser.org
Phone: + 1 818 338 4112
EMail: jerry@perser.org
Scott Poretsky Reef Point Systems 8 New England Executive Park Burlington, MA 01803 USA
Scott Poretsky Reef Point Systems 8美国马萨诸塞州伯灵顿新英格兰行政公园01803
Phone: + 1 508 439 9008
EMail: sporetsky@reefpoint.com
Phone: + 1 508 439 9008
EMail: sporetsky@reefpoint.com
Shobha Erramilli Telcordia Technologies 331 Newman Springs Road Red Bank, New Jersey 07701 USA
美国新泽西州纽曼斯普林斯路红银行331号Shobha Erramilli Telcordia Technologies 07701
EMail: shobha@research.telcordia.com
EMail: shobha@research.telcordia.com
Sumit Khurana Motorola 7700 West Parmer Ln. Austin, TX 78729 USA
Sumit Khurana摩托罗拉7700西帕尔默Ln。美国德克萨斯州奥斯汀78729
Phone: +1 512 996 6604
Email: skhurana@motorola.com
Phone: +1 512 996 6604
Email: skhurana@motorola.com
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