RFC 4047: MIME Sub-type Registrations for Flexible Image Transport System (FITS) 中文翻译

URL : https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4047
标题 : RFC 4047
翻译类型 : 自动生成

Network Working Group                                           S. Allen
Request for Comments: 4047                          UCO/Lick Observatory
Category: Informational                                         D. Wells
                                    National Radio Astronomy Observatory
                                                              April 2005

Network Working Group                                           S. Allen
Request for Comments: 4047                          UCO/Lick Observatory
Category: Informational                                         D. Wells
                                    National Radio Astronomy Observatory
                                                              April 2005

MIME Sub-type Registrations for Flexible Image Transport System (FITS)

灵活图像传输系统（FITS）的MIME子类型注册

Status of This Memo

关于下段备忘

This memo provides information for the Internet community. It does not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.

本备忘录为互联网社区提供信息。它没有规定任何类型的互联网标准。本备忘录的分发不受限制。

版权公告

Abstract

摘要

This document describes the registration of the Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) sub-types to be used by the international astronomical community for the interchange of Flexible Image Transport System (FITS) files. The encoding is defined by the published FITS standard documents. The FITS format has been in use since 1979, and almost all data from astronomical observations are interchanged by using FITS.

本文件描述了国际天文学会用于灵活图像传输系统（FITS）文件交换的多用途互联网邮件扩展（MIME）子类型的注册。编码由发布的FITS标准文档定义。FITS格式自1979年开始使用，几乎所有天文观测数据都通过FITS进行交换。

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction..................................................  2
   2.  Conventions Used in this Document.............................  2
   3.  Overview......................................................  2
   4.  FITS Definition...............................................  3
       4.1.  FITS Structure..........................................  3
       4.2.  History of FITS Features................................  5
       4.3.  Stability of the FITS definition........................  6
       4.4.  Portability of FITS files...............................  7
       4.5.  Application Programming Interfaces to FITS..............  7
       4.6.  FITS File Conformance Testing...........................  8
       4.7.  Archives That Distribute FITS Files.....................  8
   5.  IANA Considerations...........................................  9
       5.1.  Registration of application/fits........................ 10
       5.2.  Registration of image/fits.............................. 14
   6.  References.................................................... 19
       6.1.  Normative References.................................... 19

   1.  Introduction..................................................  2
   2.  Conventions Used in this Document.............................  2
   3.  Overview......................................................  2
   4.  FITS Definition...............................................  3
       4.1.  FITS Structure..........................................  3
       4.2.  History of FITS Features................................  5
       4.3.  Stability of the FITS definition........................  6
       4.4.  Portability of FITS files...............................  7
       4.5.  Application Programming Interfaces to FITS..............  7
       4.6.  FITS File Conformance Testing...........................  8
       4.7.  Archives That Distribute FITS Files.....................  8
   5.  IANA Considerations...........................................  9
       5.1.  Registration of application/fits........................ 10
       5.2.  Registration of image/fits.............................. 14
   6.  References.................................................... 19
       6.1.  Normative References.................................... 19

       6.2.  Informative References.................................. 20
   7.  Security Considerations....................................... 21
   8.  Contributors.................................................. 21
   9.  Acknowledgements.............................................. 22
   Authors' Addresses................................................ 22
   Full Copyright Statement.......................................... 23

       6.2.  Informative References.................................. 20
   7.  Security Considerations....................................... 21
   8.  Contributors.................................................. 21
   9.  Acknowledgements.............................................. 22
   Authors' Addresses................................................ 22
   Full Copyright Statement.......................................... 23

1. Introduction

1. 介绍

The FITS file format [FITS] was designed in order to facilitate the interchange of astronomical image data between observatories. FITS provides a means of transporting arrays and tables of data and keyword/value pairs of metadata. FITS is defined by standards documents that are approved by the International Astronomical Union (IAU, http://www.iau.org/) and published in refereed journals.

FITS文件格式[FITS]的设计是为了促进天文台之间天文图像数据的交换。FITS提供了一种传输数据数组和表以及元数据的关键字/值对的方法。配合由国际天文联合会（IAU）批准的标准文件定义，http://www.iau.org/)并发表在权威期刊上。

Before the inception of HTTP, astronomers used the Internet to exchange FITS files. Multiple unofficial media types for FITS files [ASU] came into use shortly after the inception of the WWW and have remained in use. Currently (2005) the international astronomical community is pursuing many cooperative efforts (e.g., [IVOA], [NVO], [AstroGrid], [AVO]) to produce web services that provide astronomical data. The exchange of FITS files is a fundamental element of the prototypes for these web services [SIAP]. The astronomical community has to agree to use one set of media types for FITS files in order to promote interoperability of its various services.

在HTTP出现之前，天文学家使用互联网交换FITS文件。多种非官方的FITS文件介质类型[ASU]在WWW成立后不久就开始使用，并一直在使用中。目前（2005年），国际天文学界正在进行许多合作努力（例如，[IVOA]、[NVO]、[AstroGrid]、[AVO]），以产生提供天文数据的web服务。FITS文件的交换是这些web服务[SIAP]原型的基本元素。天文界必须同意为FITS文件使用一组媒体类型，以促进其各种服务的互操作性。

In its simplest form, FITS is used as a means of transporting astronomical image data in a raster form along with coordinate information and other standard and locally defined metadata. In such applications FITS is much like the well-known TIFF format [TIFF] with the addition of the GeoTIFF tags [GeoTIFF]. However, FITS is capable of describing a much broader range of data than 2-dimensional rasters. A consensus has developed in the FITS community that two media types are needed: one for images and one for all other cases.

在其最简单的形式中，FITS被用作以光栅形式传输天文图像数据以及坐标信息和其他标准和本地定义的元数据的一种手段。在此类应用中，FITS与众所周知的TIFF格式[TIFF]非常相似，添加了GeoTIFF标记[GeoTIFF]。但是，FITS能够描述比二维光栅更广泛的数据范围。FITS社区已经达成共识，需要两种媒体类型：一种用于图像，另一种用于所有其他情况。

2. Conventions Used in this Document

2. 本文件中使用的公约

The keywords "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC-2119 [Require].

本文件中的关键词“必须”、“不得”、“要求”、“应”、“不得”、“应”、“不应”、“建议”、“可”和“可选”应按照RFC-2119[要求]中所述进行解释。

3. Overview

3. 概述

This document describes the registration of the MIME media sub-types "application/fits" and "image/fits".

本文档描述了MIME媒体子类型“应用程序/配合”和“图像/配合”的注册。

In 1988 the International Astronomical Union formed the FITS Working Group (IAUFWG) to oversee matters pertaining to the evolution of the FITS data format. The IAUFWG has approved the submission of this document and the registration of these two MIME types.

1988年，国际天文联合会成立了FITS工作组（IAUFWG），以监督与FITS数据格式演变有关的事项。IAUFWG已批准本文件的提交以及这两种MIME类型的注册。

4. FITS Definition

4. 符合定义

FITS is defined by a document approved by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) and published in the journal Astronomy & Astrophysics [NOST]. Conventions for additional keywords used in FITS files are proposed by interested parties and negotiated and reviewed by ad hoc committees of the FITS community. If such usage of additional keywords is approved by national committees and the IAUFWG then they become new reserved keywords in the FITS standard and are published in an ongoing series of papers (e.g., [WCS1, WCS2]).

FITS由国际天文联合会（IAU）批准的文件定义，并发表在《天文学与天体物理学》杂志上。FITS文件中使用的其他关键字的约定由相关方提出，并由FITS社区的特设委员会协商和审查。如果国家委员会和IAUFWG批准使用其他关键字，则这些关键字将成为FITS标准中的新保留关键字，并在正在进行的系列论文中发表（例如，[WCS1，WCS2]）。

Copies of the standard documents can be found at the following sites:

标准文件的副本可在以下网站找到：

   http://fits.gsfc.nasa.gov/

   http://fits.gsfc.nasa.gov/

   http://archive.stsci.edu/fits/

   http://archive.stsci.edu/fits/

   http://www.cv.nrao.edu/fits/

   http://www.cv.nrao.edu/fits/

   http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/fits.html

   http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/fits.html

Although a brief structure and feature description is provided in this section as background information, the reader is directed to the FITS standards documents to obtain complete feature and technical details.

尽管本节提供了简要的结构和功能描述作为背景信息，但读者应参考FITS标准文件，以获得完整的功能和技术细节。

4.1. FITS Structure

4.1. 配合结构

A FITS file consists of a sequence of one or more header and data units (HDUs) optionally followed by special records. The structure of a FITS file is based on blocks with a length of 2880 8-bit bytes (23040 bits). This size was chosen because it is evenly divisible by the byte and word lengths of all known computer systems. All FITS files have lengths that are integral multiples of this block size.

FITS文件由一个或多个头和数据单元（HDU）序列组成，可选地后跟特殊记录。FITS文件的结构基于长度为2880 8位字节（23040位）的块。之所以选择这个大小，是因为它可以被所有已知计算机系统的字节和字长平均整除。所有拟合文件的长度都是此块大小的整数倍。

Each FITS header consists of a sequence of one or more 2880-byte blocks that hold 36 80-character records (36*80=2880). The records consist of ASCII keyword/value pairs plus optional comments. The character set is the 7-bit printing ASCII codes, including the ASCII space. In particular, the control codes CR, LF, FF, TAB and NUL are not used in FITS headers. The keywords are up to 8 characters in length. Some keywords are mandatory, and their meaning is rigidly

每个FITS头包含一个或多个2880字节块的序列，其中包含3680个字符的记录（36*80=2880）。记录由ASCII关键字/值对和可选注释组成。字符集是7位打印ASCII码，包括ASCII空格。特别是，控制代码CR、LF、FF、TAB和NUL不用于FITS标题中。关键字的长度最多为8个字符。有些关键词是强制性的，其含义是严格的

prescribed. Among these are keywords that describe the structure and size of the subsequent data array. The standard reserves other keywords for the purpose of conveying specifically defined items of metadata. Keywords that are neither mandatory nor reserved may be inserted with semantics that are defined by local conventions. (Some local conventions have later been adopted into standardized practice.) The end of the header is signified by a block containing the keyword "END". A simple example of a FITS header for a digital image, using only keywords that were specified in the initial FITS Agreement of March 1979 [FITS], is as follows:

规定。其中包括描述后续数据数组的结构和大小的关键字。该标准保留了其他关键字，用于传递特定定义的元数据项。非强制或保留的关键字可以插入由本地约定定义的语义。（一些本地约定后来被采用到标准化实践中。）标题的结尾由包含关键字“end”的块表示。数字图像的FITS标题的一个简单示例，仅使用1979年3月初始FITS协议[FITS]中指定的关键字，如下所示：

1 2 3 4 5 6 1234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567..

   SIMPLE  =                    T / file does conform to FITS standard
   BITPIX  =                   16 / 16-bit twos-complement pixel values
   NAXIS   =                    2 / 2-dimensional image
   NAXIS1  =                  512 / first axis length
   NAXIS2  =                  512 / second axis length
   COMMENT  -----------------------------------------------------
   COMMENT   FITS (Flexible Image Transport System) format is defined
   COMMENT   in 'Astronomy and Astrophysics', volume 376, page 359;
   COMMENT   bibcode: 2001A&A...376..359H
   COMMENT  -----------------------------------------------------
   ORIGIN  = 'Lick Observatory   ' /
   DATE    = '2003-11-22T05:23:45' / when this file was written
   END

   SIMPLE  =                    T / file does conform to FITS standard
   BITPIX  =                   16 / 16-bit twos-complement pixel values
   NAXIS   =                    2 / 2-dimensional image
   NAXIS1  =                  512 / first axis length
   NAXIS2  =                  512 / second axis length
   COMMENT  -----------------------------------------------------
   COMMENT   FITS (Flexible Image Transport System) format is defined
   COMMENT   in 'Astronomy and Astrophysics', volume 376, page 359;
   COMMENT   bibcode: 2001A&A...376..359H
   COMMENT  -----------------------------------------------------
   ORIGIN  = 'Lick Observatory   ' /
   DATE    = '2003-11-22T05:23:45' / when this file was written
   END

(These 13 records are followed by 23 80-character records of ASCII spaces, to pad the header block to the 2880-byte FITS block size.)

（这13条记录后面紧跟着23个80字符的ASCII空格记录，以将标题块填充到2880字节大小。）

The first keyword/value pair, SIMPLE=T, is the signature of FITS; all FITS files begin with these characters. BITPIX is the second keyword of all FITS files; legal values for it are 8, 16, 32, -32 and -64. NAXIS is the third keyword of all FITS files; legal values for it are 0 to 999. NAXIS=0 is legal, and implies that there is no image data matrix associated with the header (and the NAXISi keywords must not be present); this value is common for files that will be given the media type "application/fits" as discussed in section 5.1 of this document. NAXIS=2 is the value most often used for files that will be given the media type "image/fits", as discussed in section 5.2 of this document (NAXIS=3 FITS images are also common). The COMMENT records will be ignored by FITS reading software, but are used here to specify the precise journal citation for the FITS standard, an item of information that is important for archiving on timescales of decades. The ORIGIN keyword is commonly used in FITS files to encode the name of the institution where the file was produced. The DATE keyword is used to convey the timestamp for the file (whereas the

第一个关键字/值对SIMPLE=T是FITS的签名；所有FITS文件都以这些字符开头。BITPIX是所有FITS文件的第二个关键字；它的法定值为8、16、32、-32和-64。NAXIS是所有FITS文件的第三个关键字；它的合法值为0到999。NAXIS=0是合法的，这意味着没有与标题关联的图像数据矩阵（并且NAXIS关键字不得存在）；如本文件第5.1节所述，该值对于介质类型为“application/fits”的文件是通用的。NAXIS=2是最常用于媒体类型为“image/fits”的文件的值，如本文件第5.2节所述（NAXIS=3 fits图像也很常见）。评论记录将被FITS阅读软件忽略，但此处用于指定FITS标准的精确期刊引文，这是一项对于几十年时间尺度的存档非常重要的信息。FITS文件中通常使用ORIGIN关键字对生成文件的机构的名称进行编码。DATE关键字用于传递文件的时间戳（而

keyword DATE-OBS is used to convey observation start times). FITS headers commonly contain a vast variety of additional keywords used to encode metadata. In particular, a digital image header will often include keywords to specify the precise celestial coordinates of the pixels of the 2-D matrix, with conventions that became part of the FITS standard in 2002 (see [WCS2]). Finally, the above example demonstrates how, in addition to the COMMENT records, 60% of the bytes in keyword=value records in FITS headers are reserved for comments. Although the simple header example above is contained in only one FITS block, multi-block FITS headers are commonly interchanged.

关键字DATE-OBS用于传达观察开始时间）。FITS标题通常包含大量用于编码元数据的附加关键字。特别是，数字图像标题通常包括用于指定二维矩阵像素的精确天体坐标的关键字，其约定在2002年成为FITS标准的一部分（参见[WCS2]）。最后，上面的示例演示了除了注释记录之外，FITS头中关键字=值记录中60%的字节是如何保留给注释的。尽管上面的简单标题示例仅包含在一个FITS块中，但多块FITS标题通常是互换的。

Following each header is a data unit that consists of a sequence of zero or more 2880-byte blocks. In accordance with the description in the keywords of their header, these blocks contain an N-dimensional data array, optionally followed by other small groups of array data. In most cases, the data array represents either an N-dimensional array of image pixel values or a 2-dimensional array of tabular data.

每个标头后面是一个数据单元，由零个或多个2880字节块组成。根据其标题关键字中的描述，这些块包含一个N维数据数组，可选地后跟其他小组数组数据。在大多数情况下，数据数组表示图像像素值的N维数组或表格数据的2维数组。

Following the HDUs a FITS file may contain zero or more 2880-byte blocks of special records. The standard does not specify anything about their content. (This convention for special records is not known to have been used for any purpose other than prototyping new elements of the standard, such as random groups and BINTABLE.)

在HDU之后，FITS文件可能包含零个或多个2880字节的特殊记录块。该标准没有对其内容做出任何规定。（除了为标准的新元素（如随机组和BINTABLE）原型化外，我们不知道特殊记录的本惯例用于任何其他目的。）

The initial HDU in a FITS file is known as the primary HDU (PHDU); any subsequent HDU is known as an extension HDU (XHDU). The keyword content of the PHDU is distinct (a PHDU requires a slight alteration before it can become an XHDU, and most types of XHDU cannot become a PHDU). A PHDU may have a data array consisting of zero elements, and this will often be the case for FITS files intended to communicate tables and multiple images. An XHDU may be one of several standard types, or it may be another conforming type. Standard types of XHDU include "IMAGE" (containing an N-dimensional data array similar in most respects to the PHDU), "TABLE" (containing a 2-dimensional table of ASCII character data), and "BINTABLE" (containing a 2-dimensional table of binary data whose elements may themselves be multi-dimensional arrays).

FITS文件中的初始HDU称为主HDU（PHDU）；任何后续的HDU都称为扩展HDU（XHDU）。PHDU的关键字内容是不同的（PHDU需要稍加修改才能成为XHDU，而且大多数类型的XHDU不能成为PHDU）。PHDU可能有一个由零个元素组成的数据数组，对于打算传递表和多个图像的FITS文件来说，这种情况经常发生。XHDU可以是几种标准类型中的一种，也可以是另一种符合标准的类型。XHDU的标准类型包括“IMAGE”（包含在大多数方面与PHDU类似的N维数据数组）、“TABLE”（包含ASCII字符数据的二维表）和“BINTABLE”（包含二进制数据的二维表，其元素本身可能是多维数组）。

4.2. History of FITS Features

4.2. FITS特征的历史

In 1981 the original definition of FITS described a single HDU containing one multi-dimensional image array [FITS], as illustrated by the sample header shown in section 4.1. Subsequent agreements have used the original framework of HDUs and keyword/value pairs to extend FITS while preserving the validity of all existing files. FITS now has standard means of describing multiple arrays of image data and/or multiple tables of numeric and character information.

1981年，FITS的原始定义描述了包含一个多维图像阵列[FITS]的单个HDU，如第4.1节所示的示例标题所示。随后的协议使用HDU和关键字/值对的原始框架来扩展FITS，同时保留所有现有文件的有效性。FITS现在具有描述多个图像数据数组和/或多个数字和字符信息表的标准方法。

Brief highlights of the history of FITS

FITS历史简讯

- 1979: Initial FITS Agreement and first interchange of files

- 1979年：初始FITS协议和首次文件交换

- 1980: Random groups convention developed

- 1980年：制定了随机分组公约

- 1981: Published original (single HDU) definition [FITS]

- 1981年：公布的原始（单HDU）定义[FITS]

- 1981: Published random groups definition [GROUPS]

- 1981年：公布的随机组定义[组]

- 1982: Formally endorsed by the IAU

- 1982年：国际天文学联盟正式认可

- 1988: Defined rules for multiple HDUs [XTENSION]

- 1988：多个HDU的定义规则[XTENSION]

- 1988: FITS Working Group established by IAU [IAUFWG]

- 1988年：国际天文学联合会设立的国际天文学联合会工作组[IAUFWG]

- 1988: Extended to include ASCII tables [TABLE]

- 1988年：扩展到包括ASCII表[表]

- 1990: Extended to include IEEE floating-point data

- 1990年：扩展到包括IEEE浮点数据

- 1994: Extended to multiple image arrays [IMAGE]

- 1994：扩展到多图像阵列[图像]

- 1995: Extended to binary tables [BINTABLE]

- 1995：扩展到二进制表[BINTABLE]

- 1997: Adopted a Y2K-compliant date format

- 1997年：采用符合Y2K标准的日期格式

- 2001: Reiterated existing standard in one paper [NOST]

- 2001年：在一篇论文中重申了现有标准[NOST]

- 2002: Approved conventions for world coordinates [WCS1, WCS2]

- 2002年：核准的世界坐标公约[WCS1、WCS2]

4.3. Stability of the FITS Definition

4.3. FITS定义的稳定性

After the adoption of FITS by the IAU in 1982, some in the emerging community of FITS users realized that there would be tension between the need for archival stability and the need for evolution. In order to satisfy both of these requirements they set up a controlled parliamentary process. At the time of the Generalized Extensions Agreement [XTENSION], the meta-agreement that controls the evolution of FITS, the FITS community adopted the guiding principle "Once FITS, always FITS". Under this rule, no change may be made to FITS that invalidates existing files. Changes to the FITS standard occur only after action by the IAU FITS Working Group (FWG). The FWG acts only after approval by regional working groups that coordinate FITS activity in various parts of the world.

1982年，国际天文学联合会采用FITS后，新兴的FITS用户群体中的一些人意识到，档案稳定性的需要与发展的需要之间存在着紧张关系。为了满足这两个要求，他们建立了一个受控的议会程序。在广义扩展协议[XTENSION]制定之时，即控制拟合演化的元协议，拟合社区采用了“一次拟合，总是拟合”的指导原则。根据该规则，不得对使现有文件无效的配合进行任何更改。只有在IAU FITS工作组（FWG）采取行动后，FITS标准才会发生变化。FWG只有在得到协调世界各地FITS活动的区域工作组的批准后才采取行动。

FITS has been adopted as the archival format for image data and interferometric data obtained by many ground-based observatories and for all data from many spacecraft. Many astrophysical archives store

FITS已被采用为许多地面观测站获得的图像数据和干涉测量数据以及许多航天器的所有数据的存档格式。许多天体物理档案库

their data in FITS format, and most astronomical catalog data has been transcribed into FITS files. The many terabytes of data in these archives contribute to the stability of the FITS standard.

他们的数据采用FITS格式，大多数天文目录数据都已转录到FITS文件中。这些档案中的大量TB数据有助于FITS标准的稳定性。

4.4. Portability of FITS files

4.4. FITS文件的可移植性

Eric Greisen, one of the authors of the original document [FITS], relates that in 1979

原始文件（FITS）的作者之一埃里克·格雷森（Eric Greisen）在1979年提到了这一点

[t]he first FITS files were written by a PL/I program on an IBM 360 under OS/MFT (32-bit, twos-complement numbers and 8-bit EBCDIC characters) and were read by a Fortran program executing on a CDC 6400 under SCOPE (60-bit, ones-complement numbers and 6-bit "Display Code" characters). [Remark]

[t] first FITS文件由IBM 360上的PL/I程序在OS/MFT（32位、2位补码和8位EBCDIC字符）下编写，并由在CDC 6400上执行的Fortran程序在作用域（60位、1位补码和6位“显示代码”字符）下读取。[备注]

Subsequent evolution of computing hardware and FITS over 25 years has not degraded this ability to transfer the data content.

25年来计算硬件和FITS的后续发展并没有降低这种传输数据内容的能力。

The structure of FITS files is extremely general, and this necessarily complements the nature of astronomical data. FITS is used to store observations of the entire electromagnetic spectrum from radio to gamma rays, from ground-based observatories and from spacecraft. FITS is also used to communicate physical properties other than radiation intensity; these may be inferred from observations or calculated by theoretical models. The pedigree of data in a FITS file typically varies among disciplines; FITS may be used to store raw and uncalibrated data, completely reduced and calibrated data, or both. Nevertheless, the FITS standard provides that the syntactic content of the data and metadata are unambiguously available to posterity.

FITS文件的结构非常通用，这必然补充了天文数据的性质。FITS用于存储从无线电到伽马射线、从地面天文台到航天器的整个电磁频谱的观测结果。FITS还用于传达辐射强度以外的物理特性；这些可以从观测结果推断，也可以通过理论模型计算。FITS文件中的数据谱系通常因学科而异；FITS可用于存储原始和未校准数据、完全简化和校准数据，或两者兼而有之。然而，FITS标准规定，数据和元数据的语法内容可以明确地提供给后代。

Observatories have developed numerous local conventions for the storage and transfer of data peculiar to their instrumentation and purview. Application software for handling FITS files from different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum has been largely disjoint. For a FITS file that consists of multiple HDUs there are no widely established conventions governing the meaning of, interrelations between, and suggested use of the data sets. Recognition of any local conventions used for FITS data has often been based on heuristics of the additional (non-standard) keyword/value pairs. Fully understanding the semantic content of a FITS file usually requires an external data dictionary.

天文台已经制定了许多地方惯例，用于存储和传输其仪器和权限所特有的数据。处理来自不同电磁频谱区域的FITS文件的应用软件在很大程度上是不相交的。对于由多个HDU组成的FITS文件，对于数据集的含义、相互关系和建议使用没有广泛确立的约定。对FITS数据使用的任何本地约定的识别通常基于额外（非标准）关键字/值对的启发式。完全理解FITS文件的语义内容通常需要外部数据字典。

4.5. Application Programming Interfaces to FITS

4.5. FITS的应用程序编程接口

Although the definition of FITS is expressed in terms of the bit content of the files, there are widely supported application programming interfaces (APIs) which simplify the task of manipulating

虽然FITS的定义是根据文件的位内容来表示的，但是有广泛支持的应用程序编程接口（api），它们简化了操作的任务

FITS files. Interfaces exist for many languages and operating systems. A partial list of APIs follows:

适合文件。许多语言和操作系统都有接口。API的部分列表如下：

   CFITSIO      http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/fitsio/
   fitsTcl      http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/ftools/fv/fitsTcl_home.html
   WCSLIB       http://www.atnf.csiro.au/people/mcalabre/WCS/
   PyFITS       http://www.stsci.edu/resources/software_hardware/pyfits
   WCSTools     http://tdc-www.harvard.edu/software/wcstools/
   FUNTOOLS     http://hea-www.harvard.edu/RD/funtools/
   IDLASTRO     http://idlastro.gsfc.nasa.gov/
   fitsy        http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/~john/fitsy/
   IUEDAC       http://archive.stsci.edu/iue/iuedacfits.html
   Mathematica  http://documents.wolfram.com/v5/Built-inFunctions/
                       GraphicsAndSound/ImportAndExport/
                       AdditionalInformation/Import.html
   MatLab       http://www.mathworks.com/access/helpdesk/help/techdoc/
                       ref/fitsread.shtml?cmdname=fitsread

   CFITSIO      http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/fitsio/
   fitsTcl      http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/ftools/fv/fitsTcl_home.html
   WCSLIB       http://www.atnf.csiro.au/people/mcalabre/WCS/
   PyFITS       http://www.stsci.edu/resources/software_hardware/pyfits
   WCSTools     http://tdc-www.harvard.edu/software/wcstools/
   FUNTOOLS     http://hea-www.harvard.edu/RD/funtools/
   IDLASTRO     http://idlastro.gsfc.nasa.gov/
   fitsy        http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/~john/fitsy/
   IUEDAC       http://archive.stsci.edu/iue/iuedacfits.html
   Mathematica  http://documents.wolfram.com/v5/Built-inFunctions/
                       GraphicsAndSound/ImportAndExport/
                       AdditionalInformation/Import.html
   MatLab       http://www.mathworks.com/access/helpdesk/help/techdoc/
                       ref/fitsread.shtml?cmdname=fitsread

   Current lists of more APIs can be found at
   http://fits.gsfc.nasa.gov/fits_libraries.html

   Current lists of more APIs can be found at
   http://fits.gsfc.nasa.gov/fits_libraries.html

List of applications that use FITS are found in the IANA registrations of the media types.

使用FITS的应用程序列表可在媒体类型的IANA注册中找到。

4.6. FITS File Conformance Testing

4.6. FITS文件一致性测试

FITS files can be tested for conformance to the Definition of FITS rules [NOST, WCS1, WCS2] with an application named "fitsverify", which is available at

可以使用名为“fitsverify”的应用程序测试FITS文件是否符合FITS规则[NOT、WCS1、WCS2]的定义，该应用程序位于

   http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/software/ftools/fitsverify/

   http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/software/ftools/fitsverify/

in the form of executable binary files for Solaris, Linux, and Windows platforms, as well as in source code. Although "fitsverify" has not been endorsed by the IAUFWG, users should be aware that the designer of the program was the Secretary of the Technical Panel that produced the published FITS standard [NOST].

以Solaris、Linux和Windows平台的可执行二进制文件以及源代码的形式。尽管IAUFWG尚未认可“fitsverify”，但用户应注意，该计划的设计者是发布FITS标准[not]的技术小组的秘书。

4.7. Archives That Distribute FITS Files

4.7. 分发FITS文件的归档

As noted in section 4.3 of this RFC, massive (multi-terabyte) data archives that contain and/or distribute FITS files contribute to the stability of the FITS standard. There are numerous publicly available archives of FITS files derived from both space and ground-based observations that span the entire range of the electromagnetic spectrum from radio to gamma-ray wavelengths. The following are examples of such archives, in no particular order:

如本RFC第4.3节所述，包含和/或分发FITS文件的海量（多TB）数据档案有助于FITS标准的稳定性。有许多公开可用的FITS档案，这些档案来自空间和地面观测，涵盖了从无线电到伽马射线波长的整个电磁频谱范围。以下是此类档案的示例，无特定顺序：

   Telescope(s)   URLs for archive access
   ------------   ------------------------------------------------------
   KPNO,CTIO,..   http://archive.noao.edu/nsa/
   VLT,HST,..     http://archive.eso.org/
   Subaru         http://smoka.nao.ac.jp/
   SDSS           http://www.sdss.org/dr3/
   CFHT           http://cadcwww.dao.nrc.ca/cfht/cfht.html
   VLA,VLBA,GBT   http://e2e.aoc.nrao.edu/archive/archive_describe.html
   HST,MAST       http://archive.stsci.edu/
   HEASARC        http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/w3browse/
   Chandra        http://cxc.harvard.edu/cda/
   LaPalma        http://archive.ast.cam.ac.uk/ingarch/
   BIMA           http://bimaarch.ncsa.uiuc.edu/
   Keck-DEIMOS    http://archive.deep.ucolick.org/
   ComptonGRO     http://cossc.gsfc.nasa.gov/archive/index.html
   Spitzer,..     http://www.ipac.caltech.edu/
   AAT            http://www.aao.gov.au/archive/
   HIPASS         http://www.atnf.csiro.au/research/multibeam/
                          multibeam.html
   JCMT           http://salish.dao.nrc.ca:8080/jcmt/intro.html
   COBE,WMAP      http://lambda.gsfc.nasa.gov/
   EVN            http://www.jive.nl/archive/scripts/listarch.php
   Gemini         http://gemini.ast.cam.ac.uk/sciops/data/dataIndex.html
   XMM-Newton     http://xmm.vilspa.esa.es/external/xmm_data_acc/xsa/

   Telescope(s)   URLs for archive access
   ------------   ------------------------------------------------------
   KPNO,CTIO,..   http://archive.noao.edu/nsa/
   VLT,HST,..     http://archive.eso.org/
   Subaru         http://smoka.nao.ac.jp/
   SDSS           http://www.sdss.org/dr3/
   CFHT           http://cadcwww.dao.nrc.ca/cfht/cfht.html
   VLA,VLBA,GBT   http://e2e.aoc.nrao.edu/archive/archive_describe.html
   HST,MAST       http://archive.stsci.edu/
   HEASARC        http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/w3browse/
   Chandra        http://cxc.harvard.edu/cda/
   LaPalma        http://archive.ast.cam.ac.uk/ingarch/
   BIMA           http://bimaarch.ncsa.uiuc.edu/
   Keck-DEIMOS    http://archive.deep.ucolick.org/
   ComptonGRO     http://cossc.gsfc.nasa.gov/archive/index.html
   Spitzer,..     http://www.ipac.caltech.edu/
   AAT            http://www.aao.gov.au/archive/
   HIPASS         http://www.atnf.csiro.au/research/multibeam/
                          multibeam.html
   JCMT           http://salish.dao.nrc.ca:8080/jcmt/intro.html
   COBE,WMAP      http://lambda.gsfc.nasa.gov/
   EVN            http://www.jive.nl/archive/scripts/listarch.php
   Gemini         http://gemini.ast.cam.ac.uk/sciops/data/dataIndex.html
   XMM-Newton     http://xmm.vilspa.esa.es/external/xmm_data_acc/xsa/

5. IANA Considerations

5. IANA考虑

The general nature of the full FITS standard requires the use of the media type "application/fits". Nevertheless, the principal intent for a great many FITS files is to convey a single data array in the PHDU, and such arrays are very often 2-dimensional images. Several common image viewing applications already display single-HDU FITS files, and the prototypes for virtual observatory projects specify that data provided by web services be conveyed by the data array in the PHDU. These uses justify the registration of a second media type, namely "image/fits", for files which use the subset of the standard described by the original FITS standard paper [FITS].

完全配合标准的一般性质要求使用介质类型“应用程序/配合”。然而，大量FITS文件的主要目的是在PHDU中传输单个数据数组，而这些数组通常是二维图像。几个常见的图像查看应用程序已经显示单个HDU FITS文件，虚拟天文台项目的原型规定，web服务提供的数据由PHDU中的数据阵列传输。对于使用原始fits标准纸[fits]所述标准子集的文件，这些使用证明了第二种介质类型（即“图像/配合”）的注册是合理的。

We note that the media type "image/gif" [MIME2] admits raster images that are three dimensional, because animated GIF images contain two spatial dimensions and one temporal dimension. We note that the media types "image/vnd.dwg" and "image/vnd.dxf" admit data that include three-dimensional vectors and curves as well as objects created by using constructive solid geometry. Following these precedents for the "image" media type, we specify that "image/fits" MAY be used to describe FITS PHDUs that have other than two dimensions. We expect that most files described as "image/fits" will have two-dimensional (NAXIS=2) PHDUs.

我们注意到媒体类型“image/gif”[MIME2]允许三维光栅图像，因为动画gif图像包含两个空间维度和一个时间维度。我们注意到，媒体类型“image/vnd.dwg”和“image/vnd.dxf”允许包含三维向量和曲线以及使用构造性实体几何体创建的对象的数据。根据“图像”介质类型的这些先例，我们指定“图像/配合”可用于描述非二维的配合PHDU。我们期望大多数被描述为“图像/拟合”的文件将具有二维（NAXIS=2）PHDU。

5.1. Registration of application/fits

5.1. 登记申请/申请

   To: ietf-types@iana.org
   Subject: Registration of Standard MIME Media type application/fits

   To: ietf-types@iana.org
   Subject: Registration of Standard MIME Media type application/fits

MIME media type name: application

MIME媒体类型名称：应用程序

MIME subtype name: fits

MIME子类型名称：fits

Required parameters: none

所需参数：无

Optional parameters: none

可选参数：无

Encoding considerations: binary

编码注意事项：二进制

FITS files can be quite large. When transferred via HTTP it may be efficient for the transaction to make use of content-coding or transfer-coding values such as "gzip", "compress", or "deflate".

FITS文件可能相当大。通过HTTP传输时，事务使用内容编码或传输编码值（如“gzip”、“compress”或“deflate”）可能是有效的。

Security considerations:

安全考虑：

FITS provides a means of transporting arrays and tables of data and keyword/value pairs of metadata. The standard FITS keywords are either mandatory or reserved. Mandatory keywords provide information necessary for correct interpretation of the data; reserved keywords merely provide standard bits of metadata. As such, the current standard FITS keywords do not pose security risks.

FITS提供了一种传输数据数组和表以及元数据的关键字/值对的方法。标准配合关键字是强制性的或保留的。强制关键字提供正确解释数据所需的信息；保留关键字仅提供元数据的标准位。因此，当前的标准FITS关键字不会带来安全风险。

A FITS file author may insert additional keywords with semantics that are not described by the standard. Parties exchanging FITS files may employ locally defined conventions that use various keywords and their values to induce actions on the part of the recipient. There are existing local conventions where such keywords are used to request the reading of other files and/or URIs. There are other local conventions where such keywords are used to modify the state of a telescope and/or instrument. The security implications of local conventions such as these SHOULD be analyzed by the parties employing them.

FITS文件作者可以插入附加关键字，这些关键字的语义在标准中没有描述。交换FITS文件的各方可以使用本地定义的约定，这些约定使用各种关键字及其值来诱导接收方采取行动。现有的本地约定使用这些关键字请求读取其他文件和/或URI。还有其他地方惯例，这些关键字用于修改望远镜和/或仪器的状态。此类地方公约的安全影响应由采用这些公约的各方进行分析。

Interoperability considerations:

互操作性注意事项：

FITS files have been successfully transported between wildly different computers since 1979. The difficulty most likely to be encountered by a FITS application is inability to acquire the computational resources required by a very large FITS file.

自1979年以来，FITS文件已成功地在不同的计算机之间传输。FITS应用程序最可能遇到的困难是无法获取非常大的FITS文件所需的计算资源。

Published specification:

已发布的规范：

The specification for this content type is published as a series of papers in refereed astronomical journals:

该内容类型的规范作为一系列论文发表在参考天文期刊上：

Hanisch, R., et al., "Definition of the Flexible Image Transport System (FITS)", Astronomy & Astrophysics, 376, p. 359, 2001.

Hanisch，R.，等人，“柔性图像传输系统（FITS）的定义”，天文学与天体物理学，376，p。359, 2001.

Greisen, E. and M. Calabretta, "Representations of world coordinates in FITS", Astronomy & Astrophysics, 395, p. 1061, 2002.

Greisen，E.和M.Calabretta，“世界坐标的拟合表示”，天文学和天体物理学，第395页。1061, 2002.

Calabretta, M. and E. Greisen, "Representations of celestial coordinates in FITS", Astronomy & Astrophysics, 395, p. 1077, 2002.

Calabretta，M.和E.Greisen，“天文坐标的拟合表示”，天文学和天体物理学，395页。1077, 2002.

Copies of these specifications can also be found via:

这些规范的副本也可通过以下途径找到：

   http://fits.gsfc.nasa.gov/
   http://archive.stsci.edu/fits/
   http://www.cv.nrao.edu/fits/
   http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/fits.html

   http://fits.gsfc.nasa.gov/
   http://archive.stsci.edu/fits/
   http://www.cv.nrao.edu/fits/
   http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/fits.html

Applications that use this media type:

使用此媒体类型的应用程序：

There are many astronomical image viewing and data reduction applications including, but not limited to, the following list:

有许多天文图像查看和数据缩减应用程序，包括但不限于以下列表：

   IRAF     http://iraf.noao.edu/
   AIPS     http://www.aoc.nrao.edu/aips/
   AIPS++   http://aips2.nrao.edu/
   MIDAS    http://www.eso.org/projects/esomidas/
   ds9      http://hea-www.harvard.edu/RD/ds9/
   fv       http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/ftools/fv/
   Aladin   http://aladin.u-strasbg.fr/
   Starlink http://star-www.rl.ac.uk/
   Miriad   http://bima.astro.umd.edu/miriad/
   STSDAS   http://www.stsci.edu/resources/software_hardware/stsdas
   PROS     http://hea-www.harvard.edu/PROS/pros.html
   CIAO     http://cxc.harvard.edu/ciao/
   XANADU   http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/xanadu/xanadu.html
   HESSI    http://hesperia.gsfc.nasa.gov/ssw/hessi/doc/
   FITSview http://www.nrao.edu/software/fitsview/
   XMM-SAS  http://xmm.vilspa.esa.es/external/xmm_sw_cal/sas_frame.shtml

   IRAF     http://iraf.noao.edu/
   AIPS     http://www.aoc.nrao.edu/aips/
   AIPS++   http://aips2.nrao.edu/
   MIDAS    http://www.eso.org/projects/esomidas/
   ds9      http://hea-www.harvard.edu/RD/ds9/
   fv       http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/ftools/fv/
   Aladin   http://aladin.u-strasbg.fr/
   Starlink http://star-www.rl.ac.uk/
   Miriad   http://bima.astro.umd.edu/miriad/
   STSDAS   http://www.stsci.edu/resources/software_hardware/stsdas
   PROS     http://hea-www.harvard.edu/PROS/pros.html
   CIAO     http://cxc.harvard.edu/ciao/
   XANADU   http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/xanadu/xanadu.html
   HESSI    http://hesperia.gsfc.nasa.gov/ssw/hessi/doc/
   FITSview http://www.nrao.edu/software/fitsview/
   XMM-SAS  http://xmm.vilspa.esa.es/external/xmm_sw_cal/sas_frame.shtml

At the present time many of these applications are not designed to support use as viewers of "application/fits" files in association with web browsers.

目前，这些应用程序中的许多都不支持作为与web浏览器关联的“应用程序/fits”文件的查看器使用。

Additional information:

其他信息：

A FITS file described with the media type "application/fits" SHOULD conform to the published standards for FITS files as determined by convention and agreement within the international FITS community. No other constraints are placed on the content of a file described as "application/fits".

媒体类型为“应用程序/FITS”的FITS文件应符合国际FITS社区内的公约和协议确定的FITS文件发布标准。对于描述为“应用程序/配合”的文件内容，没有其他约束。

A FITS file described with the media type "application/fits" may have an arbitrary number of conforming extension header and data units (XHDUs) that follow its mandatory primary header and data unit (PHDU). The XHDUs may be one of the standard types ("IMAGE", "TABLE", and "BINTABLE") or any other type that satisfies the "Requirements for Conforming Extensions" (section 4.4.1 of [NOST]). The PHDU or any "IMAGE" XHDU may contain zero to 999 dimensions with zero or more pixels along each dimension.

使用介质类型“应用程序/FITS”描述的FITS文件可能具有任意数量的符合标准的扩展头和数据单元（XHDU），这些扩展头和数据单元位于其必需的主头和数据单元（PHDU）之后。XHDU可以是标准类型（“图像”、“表格”和“BINTABLE”）之一，也可以是满足“一致性扩展要求”（NOST第4.4.1节）的任何其他类型。PHDU或任何“图像”XHDU可能包含零到999个维度，每个维度上有零个或多个像素。

The PHDU may use the random groups convention, in which the dimension of the first axis is zero and the keywords GROUPS, PCOUNT and GCOUNT appear in the header. NAXIS1=0 and GROUPS=T is the signature of random groups; see section 7 of the Definition of FITS paper [NOST].

PHDU可以使用随机组约定，其中第一个轴的维度为零，关键字groups、PCOUNT和GCOUNT出现在标题中。NAXIS1=0，GROUPS=T是随机组的特征码；参见FITS纸张[NOST]定义的第7节。

Recommendations for application writers:

对应用程序编写者的建议：

An application intended to handle "application/fits" SHOULD be able to provide a user with a manifest of all of the HDUs that are present in the file and with all of the keyword/value pairs from each of the HDUs.

用于处理“应用程序/配合”的应用程序应能够向用户提供文件中所有HDU的清单以及每个HDU的所有关键字/值对。

An application intended to handle "application/fits" SHOULD be prepared to encounter XHDUs that contain either ASCII or binary tables, and to provide a user with access to their elements.

用于处理“应用程序/拟合”的应用程序应准备好遇到包含ASCII或二进制表的XHDU，并向用户提供对其元素的访问。

An application which can modify FITS files or retrieve FITS files from an external service SHOULD be capable of writing such files to a local storage medium.

可以修改FITS文件或从外部服务检索FITS文件的应用程序应能够将此类文件写入本地存储介质。

Complete interpretation of the meaning and intended use of the data in each of the HDUs typically requires the use of heuristics that attempt to ascertain which local conventions were used by the author of the FITS file.

对每个HDU中数据的含义和预期用途的完整解释通常需要使用试探法，尝试确定FITS文件的作者使用了哪些本地约定。

As examples, files with media type "application/fits" might contain any of the following contents:

例如，媒体类型为“application/fits”的文件可能包含以下任何内容：

- An empty PHDU (containing zero data elements) followed by a table HDU that contains a catalog of celestial objects.

- 一个空PHDU（包含零个数据元素），后跟一个包含天体目录的表HDU。

- An empty PHDU followed by a table HDU that encodes a series of time-tagged photon events from an exposure using an X-ray detector.

- 一个空的PHDU，后跟一个表HDU，该表对使用X射线探测器曝光的一系列时间标记光子事件进行编码。

- An empty PHDU followed by a series of IMAGE HDUs containing data from an exposure taken by a mosaic of CCD detectors.

- 一个空的PHDU，后面是一系列图像HDU，其中包含CCD探测器马赛克拍摄的曝光数据。

- An empty PHDU followed by a series of table HDUs that contain a snapshot of the state of a relational database.

- 一个空PHDU，后跟一系列包含关系数据库状态快照的表hdu。

- A PHDU containing a single image along with keyword/value pairs of metadata.

- 包含单个图像以及元数据的关键字/值对的PHDU。

- A PHDU with NAXIS1=0 and GROUPS=T followed by random groups data records of complex fringe visibilities

- NAXIS1=0且组=T的PHDU，然后是随机组复杂边缘可视性的数据记录

   Magic number(s): "SIMPLE  =                    T"

   Magic number(s): "SIMPLE  =                    T"

Jeff Uphoff of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO) has contributed database entries for the magic number file which is used by the Unix "file" command. Magic number files with these entries are distributed with a variety of Unix-like operating systems. In addition to recognizing a FITS file using the string given above, the Uphoff entries also recognize the data type of the pixels in the PHDU.

国家射电天文观测台（NRAO）的杰夫·厄普霍夫（Jeff Uphoff）为Unix“file”命令使用的幻数文件提供了数据库条目。带有这些条目的幻数文件随各种类似Unix的操作系统一起分发。除了使用上面给出的字符串识别FITS文件外，Uphoff条目还识别PHDU中像素的数据类型。

File extension(s): fits

文件扩展名：适合

This file extension SHOULD NOT be interpreted as a prescription.

此文件扩展名不应解释为处方。

The FITS standard originated in the era when files were stored and exchanged via magnetic tape; it does not prescribe any nomenclature for files on disk. Various sites within the FITS community have long-established practices where files are presumed to be FITS by context. File extensions used at such sites commonly indicate content of the file instead of the data format.

FITS标准起源于通过磁带存储和交换文件的时代；它没有为磁盘上的文件规定任何术语。FITS社区中的各个站点都有长期的实践，其中文件被假定为符合上下文。这些站点使用的文件扩展名通常表示文件的内容，而不是数据格式。

In the absence of other information it is reasonably safe to presume that a file name ending in ".fits" is intended to be a FITS file. Nevertheless, there are other commonly used extensions; e.g., ".fit", ".fts", and many others not suitable for listing in a media type registration.

在没有其他信息的情况下，可以合理安全地假定以“.fits”结尾的文件名是一个fits文件。然而，还有其他常用的扩展；e、例如，“.fit”、“.fts”和许多其他不适合在媒体类型注册中列出的内容。

Intended usage: Common

预期用途：普通

Persons to contact for further information:

欲了解更多信息，请联系：

      "Steve Allen"     <sla@ucolick.org>
      "Don Wells"       <dwells@nrao.edu>

      "Steve Allen"     <sla@ucolick.org>
      "Don Wells"       <dwells@nrao.edu>

Author/Change controller:

作者/变更控制员：

      "Steve Allen" <sla@ucolick.org>

      "Steve Allen" <sla@ucolick.org>

The IAU FITS Working Group may authorize changes to this document.

IAU FITS工作组可授权对本文件进行修改。

5.2. Registration of image/fits

5.2. 图像/拟合的配准

   To: ietf-types@iana.org
   Subject: Registration of Standard MIME Media type image/fits

   To: ietf-types@iana.org
   Subject: Registration of Standard MIME Media type image/fits

MIME media type name: image

MIME media type name: imagetranslate error, please retry

MIME subtype name: fits

MIME子类型名称：fits

Required parameters: none

所需参数：无

Optional parameters: none

可选参数：无

Encoding considerations: binary

编码注意事项：二进制

FITS files can be quite large. When transferred via HTTP it may be efficient for the transaction to make use of content-coding or transfer-coding values such as "gzip", "compress", or "deflate".

FITS文件可能相当大。通过HTTP传输时，事务使用内容编码或传输编码值（如“gzip”、“compress”或“deflate”）可能是有效的。

Security considerations:

安全考虑：

Interoperability considerations:

互操作性注意事项：

自1979年以来，FITS文件已成功地在不同的计算机之间传输。FITS应用程序最可能遇到的困难是无法获取非常大的FITS文件所需的计算资源。

Published specification:

已发布的规范：

The specification for this content type is published as a series of papers in refereed astronomical journals:

该内容类型的规范作为一系列论文发表在参考天文期刊上：

Hanisch, R., et al., "Definition of the Flexible Image Transport System (FITS)", Astronomy & Astrophysics, 376, p. 359, 2001.

Hanisch，R.，等人，“柔性图像传输系统（FITS）的定义”，天文学与天体物理学，376，p。359, 2001.

Greisen, E. and M. Calabretta, "Representations of world coordinates in FITS", Astronomy & Astrophysics, 395, p. 1061, 2002.

Greisen，E.和M.Calabretta，“世界坐标的拟合表示”，天文学和天体物理学，第395页。1061, 2002.

Calabretta, M. and E. Greisen, "Representations of celestial coordinates in FITS", Astronomy & Astrophysics, 395, p. 1077, 2002.

Calabretta，M.和E.Greisen，“天文坐标的拟合表示”，天文学和天体物理学，395页。1077, 2002.

Copies of these specifications can also be found via:

这些规范的副本也可通过以下途径找到：

   http://fits.gsfc.nasa.gov/
   http://archive.stsci.edu/fits/
   http://www.cv.nrao.edu/fits/
   http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/fits.html

   http://fits.gsfc.nasa.gov/
   http://archive.stsci.edu/fits/
   http://www.cv.nrao.edu/fits/
   http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/fits.html

Applications that use this media type:

使用此媒体类型的应用程序：

There are many astronomical image viewing and data reduction applications including, but not limited to, the following list:

有许多天文图像查看和数据缩减应用程序，包括但不限于以下列表：

   IRAF     http://iraf.noao.edu/
   AIPS     http://www.aoc.nrao.edu/aips/
   AIPS++   http://aips2.nrao.edu/
   MIDAS    http://www.eso.org/projects/esomidas/
   ds9      http://hea-www.harvard.edu/RD/ds9/
   fv       http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/ftools/fv/
   Aladin   http://aladin.u-strasbg.fr/
   Starlink http://star-www.rl.ac.uk/
   Miriad   http://bima.astro.umd.edu/miriad/
   STSDAS   http://www.stsci.edu/resources/software_hardware/stsdas
   PROS     http://hea-www.harvard.edu/PROS/pros.html
   CIAO     http://cxc.harvard.edu/ciao/
   XANADU   http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/xanadu/xanadu.html

   IRAF     http://iraf.noao.edu/
   AIPS     http://www.aoc.nrao.edu/aips/
   AIPS++   http://aips2.nrao.edu/
   MIDAS    http://www.eso.org/projects/esomidas/
   ds9      http://hea-www.harvard.edu/RD/ds9/
   fv       http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/ftools/fv/
   Aladin   http://aladin.u-strasbg.fr/
   Starlink http://star-www.rl.ac.uk/
   Miriad   http://bima.astro.umd.edu/miriad/
   STSDAS   http://www.stsci.edu/resources/software_hardware/stsdas
   PROS     http://hea-www.harvard.edu/PROS/pros.html
   CIAO     http://cxc.harvard.edu/ciao/
   XANADU   http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/xanadu/xanadu.html

   HESSI    http://hesperia.gsfc.nasa.gov/ssw/hessi/doc/
   FITSview http://www.nrao.edu/software/fitsview/
   XMM-SAS  http://xmm.vilspa.esa.es/external/xmm_sw_cal/sas_frame.shtml

   HESSI    http://hesperia.gsfc.nasa.gov/ssw/hessi/doc/
   FITSview http://www.nrao.edu/software/fitsview/
   XMM-SAS  http://xmm.vilspa.esa.es/external/xmm_sw_cal/sas_frame.shtml

Non-astronomical FITS image display applications include:

非天文图像显示应用包括：

   netpbm          http://netpbm.sourceforge.net/
   gimp            http://www.gimp.org/
   IDL             http://www.rsinc.com/
   ImageMagick     http://www.imagemagick.com/
   Mathematica     http://www.wolfram.com/
   MatLab          http://www.mathworks.com/
   xv              http://www.trilon.com/xv/xv.html

   netpbm          http://netpbm.sourceforge.net/
   gimp            http://www.gimp.org/
   IDL             http://www.rsinc.com/
   ImageMagick     http://www.imagemagick.com/
   Mathematica     http://www.wolfram.com/
   MatLab          http://www.mathworks.com/
   xv              http://www.trilon.com/xv/xv.html

   There are also two FITS plug-ins for Adobe Photoshop
   (http://www.adobe.com/products/photoshop/), available at
   http://astroshed.com/fitsplug/fitsplug.htm and
   http://www.spacetelescope.org/projects/fits_liberator/

   There are also two FITS plug-ins for Adobe Photoshop
   (http://www.adobe.com/products/photoshop/), available at
   http://astroshed.com/fitsplug/fitsplug.htm and
   http://www.spacetelescope.org/projects/fits_liberator/

At the present time many of the applications listed above are not designed to support use as viewers of "image/fits" files in association with web browsers.

目前，上面列出的许多应用程序都不支持作为与web浏览器关联的“图像/拟合”文件的查看器使用。

Additional information:

其他信息：

A FITS file described with the media type "image/fits" SHOULD have a PHDU with positive integer values for the NAXIS and NAXISn keywords, and hence SHOULD contain at least one pixel. Files with 4 or more non-degenerate axes (NAXISn>1) SHOULD be described as "application/fits", not as "image/fits". (In rare cases it may be appropriate to describe a NULL image -- a dataless container for FITS keywords, with NAXIS=0 or NAXISn=0 -- or an image with 4+ non-degenerate axes as "image/fits" but this usage is discouraged because such files may confuse simple image viewer applications.)

使用媒体类型“image/FITS”描述的FITS文件应具有PHDU，其中NAXIS和NAXISn关键字的值为正整数值，因此应至少包含一个像素。具有4个或更多非退化轴（NAXISn>1）的文件应描述为“应用程序/配合”，而不是“图像/配合”。（在极少数情况下，可以将空图像（FITS关键字的无数据容器，NAXIS=0或NAXISn=0）或具有4个以上非退化轴的图像描述为“图像/拟合”，但不鼓励使用此用法，因为此类文件可能会混淆简单的图像查看器应用程序。）

FITS files declared as "image/fits" MAY also have one or more conforming XHDUs following their PHDUs. These extension HDUs MAY contain standard, non-linear, world coordinate system (WCS) information in the form of tables or images. The extension HDUs MAY also contain other, non-standard metadata pertaining to the image in the PHDU in the forms of keywords and tables.

声明为“image/FITS”的FITS文件的PHDU后面还可能有一个或多个符合要求的XHDU。这些扩展HDU可能以表格或图像的形式包含标准、非线性、世界坐标系（WCS）信息。扩展hdu还可以包含以关键字和表的形式与PHDU中的图像相关的其他非标准元数据。

A FITS file described with the media type "image/fits" SHOULD be principally intended to communicate the single data array in the PHDU. This means that "image/fits" SHOULD NOT be applied to FITS files containing MEF (multi-exposure-frame) mosaic images. Also, random groups files MUST be described as "application/fits" and not as "image/fits".

使用介质类型“image/FITS”描述的FITS文件主要用于PHDU中的单个数据阵列通信。这意味着“图像/拟合”不应应用于包含MEF（多曝光帧）马赛克图像的拟合文件。此外，随机分组文件必须描述为“应用程序/配合”，而不是“图像/配合”。

A FITS file described with the media type "image/fits" is also valid as a file of media type "application/fits". The choice of classification depends on the context and intended usage.

介质类型为“image/FITS”的FITS文件也可作为介质类型为“application/FITS”的文件使用。分类的选择取决于上下文和预期用途。

Recommendations for application writers:

对应用程序编写者的建议：

An application that is intended to handle "image/fits" SHOULD be able to provide a user with a manifest of all of the HDUs that are present in the file and with all of the keyword/value pairs from each of the HDUs. An application writer MAY choose to ignore HDUs beyond the PHDU, but even in this case the application SHOULD be able to present the user with the keyword/value pairs from the PHDU.

用于处理“图像/拟合”的应用程序应能够向用户提供文件中存在的所有HDU的清单以及每个HDU的所有关键字/值对。应用程序编写器可以选择忽略PHDU之外的HDU，但即使在这种情况下，应用程序也应该能够向用户提供PHDU中的关键字/值对。

Note that an application intended to render "image/fits" for viewing by a user has significantly more responsibility than an application intended to handle, e.g., "image/tiff" or "image/gif". FITS data arrays contain elements which typically represent the values of a physical quantity at some coordinate location. Consequently they need not contain any pixel rendering information in the form of transfer functions, and there is no mechanism for color look-up tables. An application SHOULD provide this functionality, either statically using a more or less sophisticated algorithm, or interactively allowing a user various degrees of choice.

请注意，打算呈现“图像/适合”供用户查看的应用程序比打算处理的应用程序（例如，“图像/tiff”或“图像/gif”）的责任要大得多。FITS数据数组包含通常表示某个坐标位置的物理量值的元素。因此，它们不需要以传递函数的形式包含任何像素渲染信息，并且没有用于颜色查找表的机制。应用程序应该提供此功能，或者静态地使用更复杂或不太复杂的算法，或者交互地允许用户进行不同程度的选择。

Furthermore, the elements in a FITS data array may be integers or floating-point numbers. The dynamic range of the data array values may exceed that of the display medium and the eye, and their distribution may be highly nonuniform. Logarithmic, square-root, and quadratic transfer functions along with histogram equalization techniques have proved helpful for rendering FITS data arrays. Some elements of the array may have values which indicate that their data are undefined or invalid; these should be rendered distinctly. Via WCS Paper I [WCS1] the standard permits "CTYPEnnn = 'COMPLEX'" to assert that a data array contains complex numbers (future revisions might admit other elements such as quaternions or general tensors).

此外，FITS数据数组中的元素可以是整数或浮点数。数据阵列值的动态范围可能超过显示介质和眼睛的动态范围，并且其分布可能高度不均匀。对数、平方根和二次传递函数以及直方图均衡化技术已被证明有助于绘制FITS数据阵列。数组的某些元素可能具有表示其数据未定义或无效的值；这些应该被清楚地呈现出来。通过WCS Paper I[WCS1]，该标准允许“CTYPEnnn='COMPLEX'”断言数据数组包含复数（未来的修订版可能允许使用其他元素，如四元数或通用张量）。

Three-dimensional data arrays (NAXIS=3 with NAXIS1, NAXIS2 and NAXIS3 > 1) are of special interest. Applications intended to handle "image/fits" MAY default to displaying the first 2D plane of such an image cube, or they MAY default to presenting such an image in a fashion akin to that used for an animated GIF, or they MAY present the data cube as a mosaic of "thumbnail" images. Even in the absence of WCS indication of a temporal axis the time-lapse movie-looping display technique can be effective, and application writers SHOULD consider offering it for all three-dimensional arrays.

三维数据阵列（NAXIS=3，其中NAXIS1、NAXIS2和NAXIS3>1）特别令人感兴趣。用于处理“图像/拟合”的应用程序可以默认显示此类图像立方体的第一个2D平面，或者可以默认以类似于用于动画GIF的方式呈现此类图像，或者可以将数据立方体呈现为“缩略图”图像的马赛克。即使在没有WCS指示时间轴的情况下，时间推移电影循环显示技术也可以是有效的，并且应用程序编写者应该考虑为所有三维阵列提供它。

An "image/fits" PHDU with NAXIS=1 is describing a one-dimensional entity such as a spectrum or a time series. Applications intended to

NAXIS=1的“图像/拟合”PHDU描述一维实体，如光谱或时间序列。拟用于

handle "image/fits" MAY default to displaying such an image as a graphical plot rather than as a two-dimensional picture with a single row.

句柄“image/fits”可能默认为将此类图像显示为图形打印，而不是一行二维图片。

An application that cannot handle an image with dimensionality other than 2 SHOULD gracefully indicate its limitations to its users when it encounters NAXIS=1 or NAXIS=3 cases, while still providing access to the keyword/value pairs.

当遇到NAXIS=1或NAXIS=3的情况时，无法处理维度为2以外的图像的应用程序应向其用户优雅地指出其限制，同时仍提供对关键字/值对的访问。

FITS files with degenerate axes (i.e., one or more NAXISn=1) MAY be described as "image/fits", but the first axes SHOULD be non-degenerate (i.e., the degenerate axes SHOULD be the highest dimensions). An algorithm designed to render only two-dimensional images will be capable of displaying such an NAXIS=3 or NAXIS=4 FITS array that has one or two of the axes consisting of a single pixel, and an application writer SHOULD consider coding this capability into the application. Writers of new applications which generate FITS files intended to be described as "image/fits" SHOULD consider using the WCSAXES keyword [WCS1] to declare the dimensionality of such degenerate axes, so that NAXIS can be used to convey the number of non-degenerate axes.

具有退化轴（即，一个或多个NAXISn=1）的拟合文件可描述为“图像/拟合”，但第一个轴应为非退化轴（即，退化轴应为最高尺寸）。设计成仅渲染二维图像的算法将能够显示具有一个或两个由单个像素组成的轴的nAxess＝3或nAxIS＝4拟合阵列，并且应用程序编写者应考虑将该能力编码到应用程序中。新的应用程序生成适合于描述为“图像/拟合”的FIX文件的应用程序应该考虑使用WCSSAXS关键字[WCS1]来声明这种退化轴的维数，以便NAC轴可以用来传送非退化轴的数目。

   Magic number(s): "SIMPLE  =                    T"

   Magic number(s): "SIMPLE  =                    T"

File extension(s): fits

文件扩展名：适合

This file extension SHOULD NOT be interpreted as a prescription.

此文件扩展名不应解释为处方。

Intended usage: Common

预期用途：普通

Persons to contact for further information:

欲了解更多信息，请联系：

      "Steve Allen"     <sla@ucolick.org>
      "Don Wells"       <dwells@nrao.edu>

      "Steve Allen"     <sla@ucolick.org>
      "Don Wells"       <dwells@nrao.edu>

Author/Change controller:

作者/变更控制员：

      "Steve Allen"     <sla@ucolick.org>

      "Steve Allen"     <sla@ucolick.org>

The IAU FITS Working Group may authorize changes to this document.

IAU FITS工作组可授权对本文件进行修改。

6. References

6. 工具书类

6.1. Normative References

6.1. 规范性引用文件

[Require] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

[Require]Bradner，S.，“RFC中用于表示需求水平的关键词”，BCP 14，RFC 2119，1997年3月。

[MIME1] Freed, N. and N. Borenstein, "Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) Part One: Format of Internet Message Bodies", RFC 2045, November 1996.

[MIME1]Freed，N.和N.Borenstein，“多用途Internet邮件扩展（MIME）第一部分：Internet邮件正文格式”，RFC 20451996年11月。

[MIME2] Freed, N. and N. Borenstein, "Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) Part Two: Media Types", RFC 2046, November 1996.

[MIME2]Freed，N.和N.Borenstein，“多用途Internet邮件扩展（MIME）第二部分：媒体类型”，RFC 20461996年11月。

[MIME4] Freed, N., Klensin, J., and J. Postel, "Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) Part Four: Registration Procedures", BCP 13, RFC 2048, November 1996.

[MIME4]Freed，N.，Klensin，J.，和J.Postel，“多用途互联网邮件扩展（MIME）第四部分：注册程序”，BCP 13，RFC 2048，1996年11月。

[HTTP] Fielding, R., Gettys, J., Mogul, J., Frystyk, H., Masinter, L., Leach, P., and T. Berners-Lee, "Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1", RFC 2616, June 1999.

[HTTP]菲尔丁，R.，盖蒂斯，J.，莫卧儿，J.，弗莱斯蒂克，H.，马斯特，L.，利奇，P.，和T.伯纳斯李，“超文本传输协议——HTTP/1.1”，RFC2616，1999年6月。

[NOST] Hanisch, R., et al., "Definition of the Flexible Image Transport System (FITS)", Astronomy & Astrophysics, 376, p. 359, 2001.

[Not]Hanisch，R.，等人，“柔性图像传输系统（FITS）的定义”，天文学与天体物理学，376，p。359, 2001.

[WCS1] Greisen, E. and M. Calabretta, "Representations of world coordinates in FITS", Astronomy & Astrophysics, 395, p. 1061, 2002.

[WCS1]Greisen，E.和M.Calabretta，“世界坐标的拟合表示”，天文学与天体物理学，第395页。1061, 2002.

[WCS2] Calabretta, M. and E. Greisen, "Representations of celestial coordinates in FITS", Astronomy & Astrophysics, 395, p. 1077, 2002.

[WCS2]Calabretta，M.和E.Greisen，“天体坐标的拟合表示”，天文学和天体物理学，395，p。1077, 2002.

6.2. Informative References

6.2. 资料性引用

[FITS] Wells, D., et al., "FITS: A Flexible Image Transport System", Astronomy & Astrophysics Supplement, 44, p. 363, 1981.

[FITS]Wells，D.，等人，“FITS：一种灵活的图像传输系统”，《天文学和天体物理学补充》，第44页。363, 1981.

[GROUPS] Greisen, E. and R. Harten, "An extension of FITS for groups of small arrays of data", Astronomy & Astrophysics Supplement, 44, p. 371, 1981.

[组]Greisen，E.和R.Harten，“小数据阵列组拟合的扩展”，《天文学和天体物理学补充》，第44页。371, 1981.

[XTENSION] Grosbol, P., et al., "Generalized extensions and blocking factors for FITS", Astronomy & Astrophysics Supplement, 73, p. 359, 1988.

[XTENSION]Grosbol，P.等人，“拟合的广义扩展和阻塞因子”，天文学和天体物理学补充，73，P。359, 1988.

[IAUFWG] McNally, D., ed., "Transactions of the IAU, Vol. XXB 1988, Proceedings of the Twentieth General Assembly Baltimore 1988", Kluwer Academic, p. 52 (Resolution B2), 1988.

[IAUFWG]McNally，D.，编辑，“IAU交易，1988年第XXB卷，1988年巴尔的摩第二十届大会议事录”，Kluwer Academic，p。第52（B2）号决议，1988年。

[TABLE] Harten, R., et al., "The FITS tables extension", Astronomy & Astrophysics Supplement, 73, p. 365, 1988.

[表]Harten，R.，等人，“FITS表扩展”，天文学和天体物理学补充，73页。365, 1988.

[IMAGE] Ponz, J., et al., "The FITS image extension", Astronomy & Astrophysics Supplement, 105, p. 53, 1994.

[图片]Ponz，J.等人，“FITS图像扩展”，天文学和天体物理学补充，105页。53, 1994.

[BINTABLE] Cotton, W., et al., "Binary table extension to FITS", Astronomy & Astrophysics Supplement, 113, p. 159, 1995.

[BINTABLE]Cotton，W.，等人，“FITS的二进制表扩展”，天文学和天体物理学补充，113页。159, 1995.

[Remark] Greisen, E., "FITS: A remarkable achievement in information exchange" in "Information Handling in Astronomy -- Historical Vistas", A. Heck, ed., Kluwer Academic, p. 71, 2003.

[备注]Greisen，E.，《天文学中的信息处理——历史前景》中的“FITS：信息交流方面的一项卓越成就”，A.Heck，ed.，Kluwer Academic，p。71, 2003.

   [IVOA]      The International Virtual Observatory Alliance,
               http://www.ivoa.net/

   [IVOA]      The International Virtual Observatory Alliance,
               http://www.ivoa.net/

   [NVO]       The US National Virtual Observatory, http://www.us-
               vo.org/

   [NVO]       The US National Virtual Observatory, http://www.us-
               vo.org/

   [AstroGrid] The UK AstroGrid, http://www.astrogrid.org/

   [AstroGrid] The UK AstroGrid, http://www.astrogrid.org/

   [AVO]       The European Astrophysical Virtual Observatory,
               http://www.euro-vo.org/

   [AVO]       The European Astrophysical Virtual Observatory,
               http://www.euro-vo.org/

[ASU] Albrecht, M., et al., "Astronomical Server URL", http://vizier.u-strasbg.fr/doc/asu.html, 1996.

[ASU]Albrecht，M.等人，“天文服务器URL”，http://vizier.u-strasbg.fr/doc/asu.html, 1996.

[SIAP] Tody, D., et al., "Simple Image Access Prototype Specification", http://www.us-vo.org/pubs/, 2002.

[SIAP]Tody，D.等人，“简单图像访问原型规范”，http://www.us-vo.org/pubs/, 2002.

[TIFF] Adobe Systems Incorporated, "TIFF Revision 6.0", http://partners.adobe.com/asn/developer/pdfs/tn/TIFF6.pdf 1992.

[TIFF]Adobe Systems Incorporated，“TIFF 6.0版”，http://partners.adobe.com/asn/developer/pdfs/tn/TIFF6.pdf 1992

[GeoTIFF] Ritter, N. and M. Ruth, "GeoTIFF Format Specification", http://www.remotesensing.org/geotiff/geotiff.html, 2000.

[GeoTIFF]Ritter，N.和M.Ruth，“GeoTIFF格式规范”，http://www.remotesensing.org/geotiff/geotiff.html, 2000.

7. Security Considerations

7. 安全考虑

The security considerations of interchanging FITS files are discussed above within the text of the IANA registration for each media type.

交换FITS文件的安全注意事项已在上述每种媒体类型的IANA注册文本中讨论。

8. Contributors

8. 贡献者

Several individuals have made significant contributions to the content and clarity of this text:

一些个人对本文本的内容和清晰度做出了重大贡献：

- Francois Ochsenbein (Observatoire Astronomique de Strasbourg)

- Francois Ochsenbein（斯特拉斯堡天文观测站）

- Clive Davenhall (Institute for Astronomy of the Royal Observatory Edinburgh)

- 克莱夫·达文霍尔（爱丁堡皇家天文台天文研究所）

- Tom McGlynn (Laboratory for High Energy Astrophysics of the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center)

- Tom McGlynn（美国宇航局戈达德航天飞行中心高能天体物理实验室）

- Lucio Chiappetti (Milan section of the Italian Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica)

- 卢西奥·齐亚佩蒂（意大利意大利意大利天文学学院米兰分部）

- William Pence (NASA High Energy Astrophysics Science Archive Research Center)

- 威廉·彭斯（美国宇航局高能天体物理科学档案研究中心）

- Arnold Rots (High Energy Astrophysics Division of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory)

- Arnold Rots（史密森天体物理天文台高能天体物理分部）

- Doug Tody (National Radio Astronomy Observatory)

- Doug Tody（国家射电天文观测台）

- Bob Hanisch (Space Telescope Science Institute)

- 鲍勃·哈尼什（太空望远镜科学研究所）

- Mark Calabretta (Australia Telescope National Facility)

- 马克·卡拉布雷塔（澳大利亚国家望远镜设施）

9. Acknowledgements

9. 致谢

This document originated when William Joye of the Research and Development Group at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory High Energy Astrophysics Division discovered many experimental and unofficial MIME media types being used by various agencies.

史密森天体物理观测台高能天体物理分部研究与发展小组的威廉·乔伊发现了许多实验性和非官方的MIME媒体类型，并被各机构使用，这一文件由此诞生。

Jeff Uphoff of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO) contributed the FITS entries for the magic number file that permits the Unix-like "file" command on many systems to identify a FITS file.

国家射电天文观测台（NRAO）的杰夫·厄普霍夫（Jeff Uphoff）为幻数文件提供了FITS条目，该文件允许许多系统上类似Unix的“file”命令识别FITS文件。

Nelson Zarate verified that the fgread and fgwrite programs are able to store hierarchical directories containing files with arbitrary MIME media types within a HDU of a FITS file. The fgread and fgwrite programs are part of the FITSUTIL IRAF external package (version dated September 1999) written by N. Zarate, D. Tody, and R. Seaman at National Optical Astronomy Observatory (NOAO).

Nelson Zarate验证了fgread和fgwrite程序能够在FITS文件的HDU中存储包含具有任意MIME媒体类型的文件的分层目录。fgread和fgwrite程序是国家光学天文观测站（NOAO）N.Zarate、D.Tody和R.Seaman编写的FITSUTIL IRAF外部软件包（1999年9月版本）的一部分。

Authors' Addresses

作者地址

Steven L. Allen UCO/Lick Observatory University of California Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA

Steven L. Allen UCO/LIK天文台加利福尼亚大学圣克鲁斯，CA 95064美国

   Phone: +1 831 459 3046
   EMail: sla@ucolick.org

   Phone: +1 831 459 3046
   EMail: sla@ucolick.org

Donald C. Wells National Radio Astronomy Observatory 520 Edgemont Road Charlottesville, Virginia 22903-2475 USA

美国弗吉尼亚州夏洛茨维尔埃奇蒙特路520号唐纳德·C·威尔斯国家射电天文观测站22903-2475

   Phone: +1 434 296 0277
   EMail: dwells@nrao.edu

   Phone: +1 434 296 0277
   EMail: dwells@nrao.edu

Full Copyright Statement

This document is subject to the rights, licenses and restrictions contained in BCP 78, and except as set forth therein, the authors retain all their rights.

本文件受BCP 78中包含的权利、许可和限制的约束，除其中规定外，作者保留其所有权利。

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知识产权

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向IETF秘书处披露的知识产权副本和任何许可证保证，或本规范实施者或用户试图获得使用此类专有权利的一般许可证或许可的结果，可从IETF在线知识产权存储库获取，网址为http://www.ietf.org/ipr.

The IETF invites any interested party to bring to its attention any copyrights, patents or patent applications, or other proprietary rights that may cover technology that may be required to implement this standard. Please address the information to the IETF at ietf-ipr@ietf.org.

IETF邀请任何相关方提请其注意任何版权、专利或专利申请，或其他可能涵盖实施本标准所需技术的专有权利。请将信息发送至IETF的IETF-ipr@ietf.org.

Acknowledgement

确认

Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the Internet Society.

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