Network Working Group J. Hakala
Request for Comments: 3187 Helsinki University Library
Category: Informational H. Walravens
The International ISBN Agency
October 2001
Network Working Group J. Hakala
Request for Comments: 3187 Helsinki University Library
Category: Informational H. Walravens
The International ISBN Agency
October 2001
Using International Standard Book Numbers as Uniform Resource Names
使用国际标准书号作为统一资源名称
Status of this Memo
本备忘录的状况
This memo provides information for the Internet community. It does not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
本备忘录为互联网社区提供信息。它没有规定任何类型的互联网标准。本备忘录的分发不受限制。
Copyright Notice
版权公告
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2001). All Rights Reserved.
版权所有（C）互联网协会（2001年）。版权所有。
Abstract
摘要
This document discusses how International Standard Book Numbers (ISBN) can be supported within the URN (Uniform Resource Names) framework and the syntax for URNs defined in RFC 2141. Much of the discussion below is based on the ideas expressed in RFC 2288.
本文档讨论如何在URN（统一资源名称）框架内支持国际标准书号（ISBN）以及RFC 2141中定义的URN语法。以下大部分讨论基于RFC 2288中表达的观点。
As part of the validation process for the development of URNs, the IETF URN working group agreed that it is important to demonstrate that the current URN syntax proposal can accommodate existing identifiers from well established namespaces. One such infrastructure for assigning and managing names comes from the bibliographic community. Bibliographic identifiers function as names for objects that exist both in print and, increasingly, in electronic formats. RFC 2288 [Lynch, et al.] investigated the feasibility of using three identifiers (ISBN, ISSN and SICI) as URNs. This document will analyse the usage of ISBNs as URNs in more detail than RFC 2288.
作为URN开发验证过程的一部分，IETF URN工作组一致认为，重要的是证明当前URN语法提案可以容纳来自成熟名称空间的现有标识符。其中一个用于分配和管理名称的基础设施来自书目社区。书目标识符的功能是为印刷品和越来越多的电子格式的对象命名。RFC 2288【Lynch等人】研究了使用三种标识符（ISBN、ISSN和SICI）作为URN的可行性。本文件将比RFC 2288更详细地分析ISBN作为URN的使用。
A registration request for acquiring Namespace Identifier (NID) "ISBN" for ISBNs is included in chapter 5.
第5章包括获取ISBN名称空间标识符（NID）“ISBN”的注册请求。
The document at hand is part of a global joint venture of the national libraries to foster identification of electronic documents in general and utilisation of URNs in particular. The document was written as a co-operative project between the Helsinki University Library and The International ISBN Agency.
手头的文件是国家图书馆全球合资企业的一部分，旨在促进电子文件的识别，特别是骨灰盒的利用。这份文件是赫尔辛基大学图书馆和国际ISBN机构合作编写的。
We have used the URN Namespace Identifier "ISBN" for ISBNs in examples below.
在下面的示例中，我们为ISBN使用了URN命名空间标识符“ISBN”。
As a rule the ISBNs identify finite, manageably-sized objects, but these objects may still be large enough that resolution into a hierarchical system is appropriate.
通常，ISBN识别有限的、可管理大小的对象，但这些对象可能仍然足够大，以至于分解为层次系统是合适的。
The materials identified by an ISBN may exist only in printed or other physical form, not electronically. The best that a resolver will be able to offer in this case is bibliographic data from a national bibliography database, including information about where the physical resource is stored in the national library's holdings.
ISBN标识的材料只能以印刷或其他物理形式存在，不能以电子形式存在。在这种情况下，解析器能够提供的最好的信息是来自国家书目数据库的书目数据，包括关于物理资源存储在国家图书馆馆藏中的位置的信息。
RFC 2288 [Lynch] describes the ISBN system in the following way:
RFC 2288[Lynch]以以下方式描述ISBN系统：
An International Standard Book Number (ISBN) identifies an edition of a monographic work. The ISBN is defined by the standard NISO/ANSI/ISO 2108:1992 [ISO1]
国际标准书号（ISBN）标识专题著作的版本。ISBN由标准NISO/ANSI/ISO 2108:1992[ISO1]定义
Basically, an ISBN is a ten-digit number (actually, the last digit can be the letter "X" as well, as described below) which is divided into four variable length parts usually separated by hyphens when printed. The parts are as follows (in this order):
基本上，ISBN是一个十位数字（实际上，最后一位数字也可以是字母“X”，如下所述），它被分成四个可变长度的部分，通常在打印时用连字符分隔。各部分如下（按此顺序）：
* a group identifier which specifies a group of publishers, based on national, geographic or some other criteria,
* 一种组标识符，根据国家、地理或某些其他标准指定一组出版商，
* the publisher identifier,
* 发布者标识符，
* the title identifier,
* 标题标识符，
* and a modulus 11 check digit, using X instead of 10.
* 和模数11校验位，使用X代替10。
The group and publisher number assignments are managed in such a way that the hyphens are not needed to parse the ISBN unambiguously into its constituent parts. However, the ISBN is normally transmitted and displayed with hyphens to make it easy for human beings to recognize these parts without having to make reference to or have knowledge of the number assignments for group and publisher identifiers.
组号和发行者号分配的管理方式不需要连字符就能将ISBN明确地解析为其组成部分。然而，ISBN通常通过连字符传输和显示，以便于人类识别这些部件，而无需参考或了解组和发布者标识符的编号分配。
Groups usually cover only one country, but occasionally a single group is used in several countries. For instance, group "3" is utilised in Germany, Austria and German-speaking parts of Switzerland. "976" is used in Caribbean community (Antigua, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Cayman Islands, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Montserrat, St. Kitts-Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, Virgin Islands (Br))and "982" in South Pacific (Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Nauru, Niue, Solomon Islands, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu; Vanuatu, Western Samoa). For each international group, the International ISBN Agency has assigned ranges of publisher identifiers to individual countries. These ranges are listed on the ISBN web site (http://www.isbn.spk-berlin.de/html/prefix.htm). The group identifiers are listed at http://www.isbn.spk-berlin.de/html/prefix/allpref.htm.
组通常只覆盖一个国家，但偶尔在几个国家使用单个组。例如，“3”组在德国、奥地利和瑞士德语区使用。“976”用于加勒比共同体（安提瓜、巴哈马、巴巴多斯、伯利兹、开曼群岛、多米尼加、格林纳达、圭亚那、牙买加、蒙特塞拉特、圣基茨尼维斯、圣卢西亚、圣文森特和格林纳丁斯、特立尼达和多巴哥、维尔京群岛（Br））和南太平洋的“982”（库克群岛、斐济、基里巴斯、马绍尔群岛、瑙鲁、纽埃、所罗门群岛、托克劳、汤加、图瓦卢、瓦努阿图、西萨摩亚）。对于每个国际集团，国际ISBN机构为各个国家指定了出版商识别码的范围。这些范围在ISBN网站上列出(http://www.isbn.spk-berlin.de/html/prefix.htm)。组标识符列在http://www.isbn.spk-berlin.de/html/prefix/allpref.htm.
There are plans to extend the ISBN into 13 digits in order to make the system more suitable for identification of electronic monographs. So called Bookland ISBN will consist of a traditional ISBN preceded by the 978 or 979 EAN flag.
计划将ISBN扩展为13位数字，以使该系统更适合识别电子专著。所谓的Bookland ISBN将由一个传统的ISBN和978或979 EAN标志组成。
RFC 2288 [Lynch] says that:
RFC 2288[Lynch]表示：
Embedding ISBNs within the URN framework presents no particular encoding problems, since all of the characters that can appear in an ISBN are valid in the identifier segment of the URN. %- encoding, as described in [MOATS] is never needed.
在URN框架中嵌入ISBN不会出现特殊的编码问题，因为ISBN中可能出现的所有字符在URN的标识符段中都是有效的。%-不需要[护城河]中描述的编码。
Example: URN:ISBN:0-395-36341-1
Example: URN:ISBN:0-395-36341-1
For the ISBN namespace, some additional equivalence rules are appropriate. Prior to comparing two ISBN URNs for equivalence, it is appropriate to remove all hyphens, and to convert any occurrences of the letter X to upper case.
对于ISBN名称空间，一些额外的等价规则是合适的。在比较两个ISBN URN是否等效之前，应删除所有连字符，并将出现的字母X转换为大写。
The existing ISBN structure is suitable for URN resolution purposes. The group identifier can assist in the resolver discovery process. For instance, the group identifier "951" means Finland. In this case, the Finnish national bibliographic database will be able to resolve the URN either into bibliographic data or - if the resource is available in the Internet - to the document itself.
现有的ISBN结构适用于URN解析目的。组标识符可以帮助解决程序发现过程。例如，组标识符“951”表示芬兰。在这种情况下，芬兰国家书目数据库将能够将URN解析为书目数据，或者（如果资源在互联网上可用）解析为文档本身。
If a group identifier does not identify a single country but a language area, there are two means for locating the correct national bibliography. First, it is possible to define a cascade of URN resolution services - for instance, German national bibliography, Austrian national bibliography and Swiss national bibliography, in this order - into the DNS records describing the resolution service for ISBNs starting with "3". Second, the publisher identifier ranges assigned by the International ISBN Agency could be defined into the DNS records. This method is better than cascading, since the correct resolution service can be found immediately.
如果一个组标识符不是识别一个国家，而是识别一个语言区域，那么有两种方法可以定位正确的国家书目。首先，可以将URN解析服务的级联定义到描述ISBN解析服务的DNS记录中，以“3”开头，例如，德国国家书目、奥地利国家书目和瑞士国家书目。第二，国际ISBN机构分配的发布者标识符范围可以定义到DNS记录中。此方法优于级联，因为可以立即找到正确的解析服务。
In some exceptional cases - notably in the US and in UK, where international companies do a significant portion of publishing - the information provided by the group identifier may not always be fully reliable. For instance, some monographs published in New York by international publishing companies may get an ISBN with the group identifier "3". This is technically appropriate when the headquarters or one of the offices of the publisher is located in Germany.
在某些特殊情况下，尤其是在美国和英国，国际公司在其中发布了很大一部分信息，集团标识符提供的信息可能并不总是完全可靠的。例如，国际出版公司在纽约出版的一些专著可能会得到一个带有集团标识符“3”的ISBN。当出版商的总部或办事处位于德国时，这在技术上是合适的。
Information about such a book will not be available in the German national bibliography, but via the Library of Congress systems. Unfortunately, the appropriate national bibliography cannot be known to the resolver discovery service.
关于这本书的信息将不会在德国国家参考书目中提供，而是通过国会图书馆系统提供。不幸的是，解析程序发现服务无法知道相应的国家参考书目。
As a fall back mechanism a large union catalogue, such as WorldCat maintained by OCLC (http://www.oclc.org ) could be used to complement the default services provided by national bibliographies.
作为一种后备机制，大型联合目录，如OCLC维护的WorldCat(http://www.oclc.org )可用于补充国家书目提供的默认服务。
The problem described above may well be less severe than it looks. Some international publishers (Springer, for example) give the whole production to the national library of their home country as legal deposit, no matter which country the book was published. Thus everything published by Springer in New York with group identifier "3" will be found from the German national bibliography. On the other hand, when these companies give their home base also as a place of publication, the "home" national library requires the legal deposit.
上述问题可能没有看上去那么严重。一些国际出版商（例如斯普林格出版社）将全部作品作为法定保证金交给本国国家图书馆，无论该书是在哪个国家出版的。因此，斯普林格在纽约出版的所有带有组标识符“3”的书籍都可以从德国国家参考书目中找到。另一方面，当这些公司将其总部也作为出版场所时，“总部”国家图书馆需要合法的存款。
Due to the intelligent structure of ISBN, group identifier or even the publisher identifier can be used as a "hint". Technically, it is possible to incorporate into the common structure also URN resolution services maintained by publishers. For instance, "951-0" is the unique ISBN publisher identifier of the largest publisher in Finland, Sanoma-WSOY. If they launch their own URN resolution services, resolution requests for ISBNs starting with "951-0" will be directed to the publisher's server, and all other requests to the national bibliography.
由于ISBN的智能结构，组标识符甚至发布者标识符可以用作“提示”。从技术上讲，还可以将发布者维护的URN解析服务合并到公共结构中。例如，“951-0”是芬兰最大出版商Sanoma WSOY的唯一ISBN出版商标识符。如果他们启动自己的URN解析服务，则以“951-0”开头的ISBN解析请求将定向到出版商的服务器，所有其他请求将定向到国家参考书目。
The basic guidelines for assigning ISBNs to electronic resources are the following:
为电子资源分配ISBN的基本准则如下：
* Format/means of delivery is irrelevant to the decision whether a product needs an ISBN or not. If the content meets the requirement, it gets an ISBN, no matter what the format of the delivery system.
* 交付的形式/方式与产品是否需要ISBN的决定无关。如果内容符合要求，则无论交付系统的格式如何，都会获得ISBN。
* Each format of a digital publication should have a separate ISBN.
* 数字出版物的每种格式都应有单独的ISBN。
The definition of a new edition is normally based on one of the two criteria:
新版的定义通常基于以下两个标准之一：
* A change in the kind of packaging involved: the hard cover edition, the paperback edition and the library-binding edition would each get a separate ISBN. The same applies to different formats of digital files.
* 一种改变的包装涉及：精装版，平装版和图书馆装订版将分别得到一个单独的ISBN。这同样适用于不同格式的数字文件。
* A change in the text, excluding packaging or minor changes such as correcting a spelling error. Again, this criterion applies regardless of whether the publication is in printed or in digital form.
* 文本中的更改，不包括包装或微小更改，如更正拼写错误。同样，无论出版物是印刷版还是数字版，该标准均适用。
Although these rules seem very clear, their interpretation may vary. As [Lynch] points out,
尽管这些规则看起来非常明确，但它们的解释可能会有所不同。正如[林奇]所指出的，
The choice of whether to assign a new ISBN or to reuse an existing one when publishing a revised printing of an existing edition of a work or even a revised edition of a work is somewhat subjective. Practice varies from publisher to publisher (indeed, the distinction between a revised printing and a new edition is itself somewhat subjective). The use of ISBNs within the URN framework simply reflects these existing practices. Note that it is likely that an ISBN URN will often resolve to many instances of the work (many URLs).
在出版一部作品的现有版本或甚至是一部作品的修订版时，选择是分配一个新的ISBN还是重复使用一个现有的ISBN有点主观。实践因出版商而异（事实上，修订版和新版之间的区别本身就有点主观）。在URN框架中使用ISBN只是反映了这些现有实践。请注意，ISBN URN很可能会解析到许多工作实例（许多URL）。
Publishers have also in some occasions re-used the same ISBN for another book. This reasonably rare kind of human error does not threaten or undermine the value of the ISBN system as a whole. Neither do they pose a serious threat to the URN resolution service based on ISBNs. An error will only lead into the retrieval of two or more bibliographic records from a national bibliographic database. Based on the information in the records, a user can choose the correct record from the result set.
出版商也曾在某些场合将同一ISBN重新用于另一本书。这种相当罕见的人为错误不会威胁或破坏ISBN系统的整体价值。它们也不会对基于ISBNs的URN解析服务构成严重威胁。错误只会导致从国家书目数据库检索两个或多个书目记录。根据记录中的信息，用户可以从结果集中选择正确的记录。
Most national bibliographies and especially the Books in Print correct ISBN mistakes. The systems then provide cross references ("incorrect ISBN -> correct ISBN").
大多数国家参考书目，特别是印刷版的图书都纠正了ISBN错误。然后，系统提供交叉引用（“错误的ISBN->正确的ISBN”）。
Further details on the process of assigning ISBNs can be found in section 5 (Namespace registration) below.
有关分配ISBN过程的更多详细信息，请参见下文第5节（名称空间注册）。
This document proposes means of encoding ISBNs within the URN framework. ISBN-based URN resolution service is depicted here only in a fairly generic level; thus questions of secure or authenticated resolution mechanisms are excluded. It does not deal with means of validating the integrity or authenticating the source or provenance of URNs that contain ISBNs. Issues regarding intellectual property rights associated with objects identified by the ISBNs are also beyond the scope of this document, as are questions about rights to the databases that might be used to construct resolvers.
本文件提出了在URN框架内对ISBN进行编码的方法。基于ISBN的URN解析服务在此仅以相当一般的级别进行描述；因此，排除了安全或认证解决机制的问题。它不涉及验证包含ISBN的URN的完整性或验证其来源或出处的方法。与ISBN确定的对象相关的知识产权问题也超出了本文件的范围，关于可能用于构建解析器的数据库的权利的问题也超出了本文件的范围。
URN Namespace ID Registration for the International Standard Book Number (ISBN)
国际标准书号（ISBN）的URN命名空间ID注册
This registration describes how International Standard Book Numbers (ISBN) can be supported within the URN framework.
此注册描述了如何在URN框架内支持国际标准书号（ISBN）。
Namespace ID:
命名空间ID:
ISBN
ISBN
This Namespace ID is the same as the internationally known acronym for the International Standard Book Number. Giving NID "ISBN" to any other identifier system would cause a lot of confusion.
此名称空间ID与国际标准书号的国际知名首字母缩略词相同。把NID“ISBN”给任何其他标识符系统都会引起很多混乱。
Registration Information:
注册资料：
Version: 1 Date: 2001-01-25
版本：1日期：2001-01-25
Declared registrant of the namespace:
已声明命名空间的注册人：
Name: Hartmut Walravens
E-mail: hartmut.walravens@sbb.spk-berlin.de
Affiliation: Director, The International ISBN Agency
Address: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin - Preussischer Kulturbesitz -
D-10772 Berlin, Germany
Name: Hartmut Walravens
E-mail: hartmut.walravens@sbb.spk-berlin.de
Affiliation: Director, The International ISBN Agency
Address: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin - Preussischer Kulturbesitz -
D-10772 Berlin, Germany
Declaration of syntactic structure:
句法结构声明：
An ISBN is a ten-digit number (actually, the last digit can be the letter "X" as well, as described below) which is divided into four variable length parts usually separated by hyphens when printed. The parts are as follows (in this order):
ISBN是一个十位数字（实际上，最后一位数字也可以是字母“X”，如下所述），它被分成四个可变长度的部分，通常在打印时用连字符分隔。各部分如下（按此顺序）：
* a group identifier which specifies a group of publishers, based on national, geographic or some other criteria,
* 一种组标识符，根据国家、地理或某些其他标准指定一组出版商，
* the publisher identifier,
* 发布者标识符，
* the title identifier,
* 标题标识符，
* and a modulus 11 check digit, using X instead of 10.
* 和模数11校验位，使用X代替10。
Example:
例子：
URN:ISBN:0-395-36341-1
URN:ISBN:0-395-36341-1
Relevant ancillary documentation:
相关辅助文件：
The ISBN (International Standard Book Number) is a unique machine-readable identification number, which marks any edition of a book unambiguously. This number is defined in ISO Standard 2108. The number has been in use now for 30 years and has revolutionised the international book-trade. 154 countries are officially ISBN members, and more countries are joining the system.
ISBN（国际标准书号）是一个唯一的机器可读识别号，它可以明确地标记书籍的任何版本。该编号在ISO标准2108中定义。这个数字已经使用了30年，并彻底改变了国际图书贸易。154个国家正式成为ISBN成员国，越来越多的国家加入该体系。
The administration of the ISBN system is carried out on three levels:
ISBN系统的管理分为三个层次：
International agency Group agencies Publisher levels
国际机构集团机构出版商级别
The International ISBN agency is located within the State Library Berlin. The main functions of the International ISBN Agency are:
国际ISBN机构位于柏林国家图书馆内。国际ISBN机构的主要职能是：
* To promote, co-ordinate and supervise the world-wide use of the ISBN system.
* 促进、协调和监督ISBN系统在世界范围内的使用。
* To approve the definition and structure of group agencies.
* 批准集团机构的定义和结构。
* To allocate group identifiers to group agencies.
* 向集团机构分配集团标识符。
* To advise on the establishment and functioning of group agencies.
* 就集团机构的设立和运作提供建议。
* To advise group agencies on the allocation of international publisher identifiers.
* 就国际出版商标识符的分配向集团机构提供建议。
* To publish the assigned group numbers and publishers prefixes in up-to-date form.
* 以最新形式发布分配的组号和发布者前缀。
More information about ISBN usage can be found from the ISBN Users' Manual. 4th edition of this document is available at http://www.isbn.spk-berlin.de/html/userman.htm.
有关ISBN使用的更多信息，请参阅ISBN用户手册。本文件第四版可在以下网址获得：http://www.isbn.spk-berlin.de/html/userman.htm.
Identifier uniqueness considerations:
标识符唯一性注意事项：
ISBN that has been assigned once should never be re-used. Nevertheless, publishers do occasionally re-use the same number. From the point of the URN resolution system proposed here, this will typically cause retrieval of two bibliographic records. A user can choose the correct publication using the data in the record, such as the author or title.
已分配一次的ISBN不得重复使用。然而，出版商偶尔会重复使用相同的数字。从这里提出的URN解析系统的角度来看，这通常会导致检索两个书目记录。用户可以使用记录中的数据（如作者或标题）选择正确的出版物。
Incorrect ISBNs are routinely corrected in national bibliographies and Books in Print catalogue.
不正确的ISBN通常会在国家参考书目和印刷目录中更正。
Identifier persistence considerations:
标识符持久性注意事项：
The ISBN accompanies a publication from its production onwards. It is persistent; ISBN once given - if correct - will never leave the publication.
ISBN自出版之日起随附出版物。它是持久的；ISBN一旦给出-如果正确-将永远不会离开出版物。
Identifier assignment process:
标识符分配过程：
Assignment of ISBNs is always controlled by ISBN group agencies, which are often national and quite frequently located in the national libraries. Publishers are usually given blocks of ISBNs, from which they pick identifiers for their newly published items.
ISBN的分配始终由ISBN集团机构控制，这些机构通常是国家机构，并且经常位于国家图书馆。发布者通常得到ISBN块，从中他们为新发布的项目选择标识符。
As pointed out earlier, in spite of the common rules of how to use ISBNs, there is some variation between different publishers in ISBN assignment. In practice these differences are so small that they do not pose a threat to the usability of the ISBN system.
如前所述，尽管在如何使用ISBN方面有着共同的规则，但不同的出版商在ISBN分配方面存在一些差异。实际上，这些差异非常小，不会对ISBN系统的可用性构成威胁。
Identifier resolution process:
标识符解析过程：
URNs based on ISBNs will be primarily resolved via the national bibliography databases. Since ISBN group agencies are as a rule located in national libraries, the national bibliography databases cover almost every publication which does have an ISBN.
基于ISBNs的URN将主要通过国家书目数据库解决。由于ISBN集团机构通常位于国家图书馆，因此国家书目数据库几乎涵盖了所有有ISBN的出版物。
If group identifier does not define a country but a language area there may be many countries using the same group identifier. In such cases, the International ISBN Agency has divided publisher identifiers into ranges assigned to each country within the group. The appropriate resolution service can be found by using the group identifier and publisher identifier information. Alternatively a cascade of national bibliographies can be defined.
如果组标识符未定义国家，而是定义语言区域，则可能有许多国家使用相同的组标识符。在这种情况下，国际ISBN机构将出版商标识符划分为分配给集团内每个国家的范围。使用组标识符和发布者标识符信息可以找到相应的解析服务。或者，可以定义一系列国家参考书目。
Resolution carried out in national bibliography databases may be complemented by so called union catalogues, which contain huge amount of bibliographic data (up to 42 million records). This complementary service is only needed if the ISBN group identifier information is misleading. This is not common.
在国家书目数据库中执行的解决方案可能会得到所谓的联合目录的补充，其中包含大量的书目数据（多达4200万条记录）。只有当ISBN组标识符信息具有误导性时，才需要此补充服务。这并不常见。
The International ISBN Agency maintains a list of publishers who have been assigned a publisher identifier within the ISBN system. The publisher identifier may be used to allow participation of resolution services maintained by publishers into the URN resolution system for ISBN.
国际ISBN机构维护一份ISBN系统中已分配出版商标识符的出版商名单。发布者标识符可用于允许发布者维护的解析服务参与ISBN的URN解析系统。
Rules for Lexical Equivalence:
词汇对等规则：
For the ISBN namespace, some additional equivalence rules are appropriate. Prior to comparing two ISBN URNs for equivalence, it is appropriate to remove all hyphens, and to convert any occurrences of the letter X to upper case.
对于ISBN名称空间，一些额外的等价规则是合适的。在比较两个ISBN URN是否等效之前，应删除所有连字符，并将出现的字母X转换为大写。
Conformance with URN Syntax:
符合URN语法：
Embedding ISBNs within the URN framework presents no particular encoding problems, since all of the characters that can appear in an ISBN are valid in the identifier segment of the URN %-encoding, as described in [MOATS] is never needed.
在URN框架中嵌入ISBN不会出现特殊的编码问题，因为ISBN中可能出现的所有字符在URN的标识符段中都是有效的，因此不需要[MOATS]中所述的编码。
Example: URN:ISBN:0-395-36341-1
Example: URN:ISBN:0-395-36341-1
Validation mechanism:
验证机制：
Validity of an ISBN string can be checked by modulus 11 check digit, included in the ISBN. X is used instead of 10.
ISBN字符串的有效性可通过ISBN中包含的模数11校验位进行检查。用X代替10。
Validity of ISBN assignments can be checked from the group agencies or directly from the publisher.
ISBN分配的有效性可以从集团机构或直接从出版商处进行检查。
Scope:
范围：
Global.
全球的
[Daigle] Daigle, L., van Gulik, D., Iannella, R. and P. Faltstrom, "URN Namespace Definition Mechanisms", RFC 2611, June 1999.
[Daigle]Daigle，L.，van Gulik，D.，Iannella，R.和P.Faltstrom，“URN命名空间定义机制”，RFC 26111999年6月。
[Lynch] Lynch, C., Preston, C. and R. Daniel, "Using Existing Bibliographic Identifiers as Uniform Resource Names", RFC 2288, February 1998.
[Lynch]Lynch，C.，Preston，C.和R.Daniel，“使用现有书目标识符作为统一资源名”，RFC 2288，1998年2月。
[Moats] Moats, R., "URN Syntax", RFC 2141, May 1997.
[护城河]护城河，R.，“瓮语法”，RFC 21411997年5月。
Juha Hakala Helsinki University Library - The National Library of Finland P.O. Box 26 FIN-00014 Helsinki University FINLAND
Juha Hakala赫尔辛基大学图书馆-芬兰国家图书馆邮政信箱26 FIN-00014芬兰赫尔辛基大学
EMail: juha.hakala@helsinki.fi
EMail: juha.hakala@helsinki.fi
Hartmut Walravens The International ISBN agency Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin - Preussischer Kulturbesitz - D-10772 Berlin GERMANY
Hartmut Walravens国际ISBN机构Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin-德国柏林D-10772
EMail: hartmut.walravens@sbb.spk-berlin.de
EMail: hartmut.walravens@sbb.spk-berlin.de
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Acknowledgement
确认
Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the Internet Society.
RFC编辑功能的资金目前由互联网协会提供。